The boy was the sixth son in the family, and then Agrippina gave birth to three more daughters. If not, then the corrupting influence of such power should teach a cautionary lesson to those who desire such a system today. I cant imagine you will find a definite answer on this. [96] Riots again erupted in Alexandria in 40 between Jews and Greeks. WATCH: Full episodes of Colosseum online now. "[29] Caligula was loved by many for being the beloved son of the popular Germanicus[28] and because he was not Tiberius. I just watched Roman Empire, excuse any misinformation I interpreted from the show if it's not entirely accurate (I enjoyed it though). [129] The Senate attempted to use Caligula's death as an opportunity to restore the Republic. [63], Caligula had two large ships constructed for himself (which were recovered from the bottom of Lake Nemi around 1930). His father was the famous General Germanicus; his mother was Agrippina, the Elder. October, 37 CE: Caligula fell seriously ill, with what was described at the time as a brain fever; there was great mourning in Rome, and much joy at his recovery. The Death of Caligula (Jan Luyken / Public Domain), https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/caligula-the-embodiment-of-cruelty/, https://www.museumcenter.org/the-curious-curator/2020/6/19/caligula-mad-or-misunderstood, https://www.magellantv.com/articles/sex-and-violence-in-rome-caligulas-empire-and-the-salacious-rumors-that-built-it-. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. He was the brother of Caligula's [82] Reportedly, he began referring to himself as a god when meeting with politicians and he was referred to as "Jupiter" on occasion in public documents. Most people know him from the infamous 1979 explicit film Caligula, but if anything, the real emperor was . [130] Chaerea tried to persuade the military to support the Senate. The Mystery of the Bermagui Five, (In Pics) Six Abandoned Insane Asylums: Dungeons for the Helpless. When Drusilla died of fever despite Caligula praying to Isis, Caligula destroyed an Isis statue and went on a rampage. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Dictys of Crete: Was There a War Reporter Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Battle of Culloden. [67] He ordered a new set of investigations and trials. [128] These wounded conspirators were treated by the physician Arcyon. Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, better known by his nickname Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor who reigned for a short period of 4 years from 37 AD to 41 AD.Though his early reign is considered brilliant, Caligula is mostly remembered for his despotic rule, insanity, perversion and acts of extreme cruelty; making him among the iconic 'bad guys' in the annals of history. Some charge him with madness and attribute it to his illness in A.D. 37, whereas others believe it occurred later, or else had nothing to do with his sickness.We have no real evidence to reconstruct his mental state. Can someone clear this up for me, google isn't satisfying. [11][12] The adolescent Caligula was sent to live with his great-grandmother (Tiberius' mother), Livia;[9] After her death, he was sent to live with his grandmother Antonia Minor. The original 1979 movie was scripted by the writer and historian Gore Vidal and featured a host of stars including Helen Mirren, Peter O'Toole and Sir John Gielgud. There are few surviving sources on Caligula and none of them paints Caligula in a favourable light. Before made in China was a shorthand for crappy How musty and stinky were 1800s ballroom parties? Welcome to r/AskHistorians. ^ "Panto Listings," The Stage, 9 December 1993. Gaius Caesar, now known to history as the third Roman emperor Caligula, was the son of the popular general and dynastic heir, Germanicus, and great grandson of Augustus through his mother. The lake's name, Nemi, comes from the Latin word nemus, meaning "holy wood". He became increasingly erratic and cruel. Such a move would have left both the Senate and the Praetorian Guard powerless to stop Caligula's repression and debauchery. He was a genius of Hell's own art, and they longed to learn from this living master. After about four years of depravity, dramatic stunts, and cruelty, Caligula was assassinated. He amazed the soldiers as he dressed up in a miniature outfit of the soldiers and also wore armor and boots. Rome would never be a republic again. However, apparently against the odds Caligula recovered from his illness. [98] Jews were angered by the erection of a clay altar and destroyed it. [137] Nonetheless, these lost primary sources, along with the works of Seneca and Philo, were the basis of surviving secondary and tertiary histories on Caligula written by the next generations of historians. He was the son of the Roman general Germanicus and Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina the Elder. There were a number of freedmen in his close circle who attained considerable influence: Helicon, his chamberlain; Apelles, a tragic actor; and most wealthy and powerful of all, Callistus, a kind of imperial secretary. Caesar installed himself as perpetual dictator, as an emergency action in response to a perceived crisis. But the Senate's plans - just like Caligula's - didn't stick either. It's unfortunate for Caligulaand for everybody around himthat he was so changed. [70] A conspiracy involving his brother-in-law was foiled in late 39. [94] Caligula responded by removing Flaccus from his position and executing him. [134] Claudius became emperor after procuring the support of the Praetorian Guard. Caligula proved to be quite dangerous for the senators and people of Rome, driven by this sudden change in personality. Supposedly Tiberius knew of this but never dared to do anything about it. [citation needed]. [109][110] They state he sent troops on illogical military exercises,[75][111] turned the palace into a brothel,[47] and, most famously, planned or promised to make his horse, Incitatus, a consul,[112][113] The diagnosis is unclear and impossible to guess. The two older brothers of Gaius were Nero and Drusus. Additionally, there are only limited details on later significant events, such as the annexation of Mauretania, Caligula's military actions in Britannia, and his feud with the Roman Senate. The reign began with good feelings all around, since Caligula declared an amnesty for all Romans imprisoned or exiled under Tiberius, posthumously restored honor to his mother and brothers, and stopped the treason trials, getting rid of the informers in the process. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. [139], Caligula's sister, Agrippina the Younger, wrote an autobiography that certainly included a detailed explanation of Caligula's reign, but it too is lost. [120] Caligula considered Chaerea effeminate because of a weak voice and for not being firm with tax collection. Please read the rules before participating, as we remove all comments which break the rules. [2][4] At the age of two or three, Gaius accompanied his father, Germanicus, on campaigns in the north of Germania. Translations in context of "brain fever" in English-French from Reverso Context: I fear it's another brain fever. [9] Tiberius would not allow Agrippina to remarry for fear her husband would be a rival. [26] To gain support, he granted bonuses to the military, including the Praetorian Guard, city troops and the army outside Italy. He was accused of raping the wife of one of the eminent senators, and was known to have sexual relationships with his own sisters. A number of factors, though, aggravated this feud. [148] Despite swimming being a part of imperial education, Caligula could not swim. If you are referring to brain fever as a fever where the normal regulation of body temperature by the brain is out of whack, then that can happen by a variety of reasons. FOIA [78] The mission may have been to accept the surrender of the British chieftain Adminius. Brain fever is a medical infection or an infection caused by bacteria or viruses, which results in inflammation of the brain. While some sources state that it was a kind of brain fever, others believe it could be a virus, lead poisoning, or even an assassination attempt. [66] In 39, relations between Caligula and the Roman Senate deteriorated. "[18] In 33, Tiberius gave Caligula an honorary quaestorship, a position he held until his rise to emperor. Caligula: a biography. [116] Eventually, officers within the Praetorian Guard led by Cassius Chaerea succeeded in murdering the emperor. . The Oregon Meteorite Mystery: Was the Port Orford Incident a Hoax? He emerged a very different person and would wander his palace throughout the night, his head pounding. All this came to an end when Julius Caesar, a successful and popular Roman general and governor, famously crossed the Rubicon river and descended on Rome with his army, something expressly forbidden. J. Eugene Reed. Caligulas accession to the throne brought much joy to the people of Rome. Following the former's death in 37, Caligula succeeded him as emperor. [77] The few primary sources disagree on what precisely occurred. But assuming the much-maligned emperor was the loon his chroniclers describe, some scholars have suggested that an illness made him come unhingedpossibly temporal lobe epilepsy, hyperthyroidism or Wilsons disease, an inherited disorder that can cause mental instability. The Senate had become accustomed to ruling without an emperor between the departure of Tiberius for Capri in 26 and Caligula's accession. Although Caligula got no further than the English Channel and was murdered soon after, his preparations for the invasion would allow Claudius to begin Romes successful conquest of Britain in 43 A.D. and appointed a priest to serve him. Macro had fallen out of favor with the emperor, probably due to an attempt to ally himself with Gemellus when it appeared that Caligula might die of fever. [20][21] Caligula was briefly married to Junia Claudilla in 33, though she died in childbirth the following year. And Tacitus, during a lengthy diatribe in which he accuses Caligulas sister Agrippinawife of the Emperor Claudiusof incest with her son, never implicates her brother. Epub 2016 Feb 6. The smaller ship was designed as a temple dedicated to Diana. Historic Mysteries is an Amazon Associate and earns from qualifying purchases. In October of 37 C.E. The internet is awash with articles and blogs chewing over whether it is really true. Shawn Ashley Spoilers The synopsis below may give away important plot points. [150] Caligula reportedly talked to the full moon:[69] Epilepsy was long associated with the moon.[151]. All surviving sources, except Pliny the Elder, characterize Caligula as insane. [68] Caligula reviewed Tiberius' records of treason trials and decided, based on their actions during these trials, that numerous senators were not trustworthy. [84] The Temple of Castor and Pollux on the forum was linked directly to the imperial residence on the Palatine and dedicated to Caligula. Caligula was the third emperor of the Roman empire. Caligula was accosted in his palace on 24 January, 41 AD by officers of his Praetorian guard, and stabbed to death. Earlier chroniclers who actually lived under Caligula, namely Seneca and Philo, make no mention of this type of behavior despite their harsh criticism of the emperor. Representations of epilepsy on the stage: From the Greeks to the 20th century. Remembered as a cruel and erratic tyrant, his deranged tendencies threw Rome into chaosand eventually caused his violent end. No traces of the stunt have ever materialized, so most historians dismiss it as myth. In 1979 the film Caligula, directed by Tinto Brass and starring Malcolm McDowell, shocked the world with its explicit portrayal of the emperors cruel and salacious escapades. March, 37 CE: At about 25 years old, Caligula was named Rome's third emperor, the first direct descendant of Augustus to take the throne (click here for a coin on which Caligula emphasizes this relationship). But its cause is ultimately unclear. He began to order the assassination of anyone whom he believed posed a threat. (The Roman historian added that these trysts even occurred during banquets, as guests and Caligulas wife gathered around.) Philo's works, On the Embassy to Gaius and Flaccus, give some details on Caligula's early reign, but mostly focus on events surrounding the Jewish population in Judea and Egypt with whom he sympathizes. During his reign, the empire annexed the client kingdom of Mauretania as a province. [54], Despite financial difficulties, Caligula embarked on a number of construction projects during his reign. Katz, "The Illness of Caligula" CW 65(1972), 223225; refuted by M.G. Thus, the statue was never installed. Davies, "The Abortive Invasion of Britain by Gaius". Caligula also minted coins in Drusilla's honor (scroll down on this page to see a coin featuring the three sisters of Caligula). [93] As a result, riots broke out in the city. Herod Antipas confessed and Caligula exiled him. Caligula, byname of Gaius Caesar, in full Gaius Caesar Germanicus, (born August 31, 12 ce, Antium, Latium [Italy]died January 24, 41, Rome), Roman emperor from 37 to 41 ce, in succession after Tiberius. All Rights Reserved. This trip to the English Channel could have merely been a training and scouting mission. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the On the other hand, there are some historians who believed that after recovering from illness, Caligula had seen that everyone was prepared for his death. [51] However, some historians have shown scepticism towards the large number of sesterces quoted by Suetonius and Dio. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Roman territories continued to expand for another 150 years, and wealth poured into the capital. The Practice of Dowsing for Water, Oil and Astonish not Awe: Why did Marina Abramovis Artwork Belmez Faces: Mystery of the People in the Floor. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Before [102], Philo of Alexandria and Seneca the Younger, contemporaries of Caligula, describe him as an insane emperor who was self-absorbed and short-tempered, killed on a whim, and indulged in too much spending and sex. Cruel and tyrannical Emperor Caligula ruled Ancient Rome through fear and terror. Abandoned Lifeboat on Bouvet Island: Mystery Solved! He has written for 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. Caligula also made a significant attempt at expanding into Britannia. [122] On 24 January 41,[124] Cassius Chaerea and other guardsmen accosted Caligula as he addressed an acting troupe of young men beneath the palace, during a series of games and dramatics being held for the Divine Augustus. All the details of Caligula's (Malcolm McDowell) cruel, bizarre reign are revealed right here: his unholy sexual passion for his sister, his marriage to Rome's most infamous prostitute, his fiendishly inventive means of disposing those who would oppose him, and more. [100] In this context, Philo wrote that Caligula "regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his". EPILEPSY Most historians agree that epilepsy is the most likely candidate for Caligula's illness. [9] To the surprise of many, Caligula was spared by Tiberius. [89], Caligula needed to quell several riots and conspiracies in the eastern territories during his reign. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31, 12 - January 24, 41), more commonly known by his nickname Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37 to 41. After nearly six months on the throne, Caligula fell ill. He had a horse named Incitatus, who was his favorite. Pearn, "Epilepsy and Drowning in Childhood,". official website and that any information you provide is encrypted [9] In 30, his brother Drusus was imprisoned on charges of treason, and his brother Nero died in exile from either starvation or suicide. [71] Mauretania was annexed by Caligula and subsequently divided into two provinces, Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis, separated by the river Malua. When several client kings came to Rome to pay their respects to him and argued about their nobility of descent, he allegedly cried out the Homeric line:[81] "Let there be one lord, one king. Fabius Rusticus and Cluvius Rufus both wrote condemning histories on Caligula that are now lost. [83][84] A sacred precinct was set apart for his worship at Miletus in the province of Asia and two temples were erected for worship of him in Rome. 8600 Rockville Pike [2] There seems to have been a northern campaign to Britannia that was aborted. In Roman political culture, insanity and sexual perversity were often presented hand-in-hand with poor government. Josephus describes Caligula's improvements to the harbours at Rhegium and Sicily, allowing increased grain imports from Egypt, as his greatest contributions. government site. [56] Caligula completed the temple of Augustus and the theatre of Pompey and began an amphitheatre beside the Saepta. [14] In 31, Caligula was remanded to the personal care of Tiberius on Capri, where he lived for six years. Suetonius. Philadelphia. [55] These improvements may have been in response to the famine. He gained the nickname 'Caligula' which means 'Little Boots' because of the military regalia he wore as a child. His younger sisters were Julia Drusilla, Agrippina the Younger, and Julia Livilla. Our sources just say he was seriously ill for a month. Find out whether the much-maligned emperor was as crazy as they say. His uncle Claudius was spared only because Caligula preferred to keep him as a laughing stock. [100], The Governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, fearing civil war if the order were carried out, delayed implementing it for nearly a year. [96] Philo of Alexandria reports that Caligula became ruthless after nearly dying of an illness in the eighth month of his reign in 37. After the death of emperor Tiberius, the great uncle of Caligula, he took over the position as emperor. However, Gilfillan's work has been criticized by many disci-plines, who point out that some other factors contributed to the fall of Rome13. Proculus : Divine Ceasar, PLEASE! 1958 Jul;2(3):202-9. doi: 10.1017/s0025727300023759. There were certainly some advantages to imperial rule. [101] Agrippa finally convinced Caligula to reverse the order. [9][16] An observer said of Caligula, "Never was there a better servant or a worse master! He executed close and loyal advisors and compelled Gemellus, his potential rival and fellow joint-heir, to commit suicide. [70] Soon afterwards, the Governor of Germany, Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, was executed for connections to a conspiracy. Rampaging through Rome committing murder, adultery and acts of debauchery, his reign came to an abrupt end when he was brutally assassinated after only four years. PMC It looks like he suffered some kind of brain damage from this extended sicknessmaybe a prolonged high fever, but that's just my guess. p. 111. [126] Suetonius records that Caligula's death resembled that of Julius Caesar. [131] Uncomfortable with lingering imperial support, the assassins sought out and killed Caligula's wife, Caesonia, and killed their young daughter, Julia Drusilla, by smashing her head against a wall. [72] Pliny claims that division was the work of Caligula, but Dio states that in 42 an uprising took place, which was subdued by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, and the division only took place after this. AutoModerator 3 yr. ago Welcome to r/AskHistorians. [10] Agrippina and Caligula's brother, Nero, were banished in 29 on charges of treason. Do they mean he came to his senses after 3 months but was still functional enough to eat/drink because without IV he couldn't have survived a coma? Interesting history topics are just a click away. Stretching from Spain to Cyprus, this vast empire was controlled by the Roman Senate and its elected leaders. Although the prefect of the Praetorian Guard, Macro, had been influential in helping Caligula secure the throne, the emperor apparently felt that Macro was becoming too powerful. This renowned 1976 mini-series (based on the books I, Claudius and Claudius the God by Robert Graves) follows the history of The Roman Empire, from the latter reign of Augustus (starting around 24/23 B.C.) [61] Caligula had planned to rebuild the palace of Polycrates at Samos, to finish the temple of Didymaean Apollo at Ephesus and to found a city high up in the Alps. He is known as the first truly insane emperor that the Roman Empire had. Caligula had the heads removed from various statues of gods located across Rome and replaced them with his own. In the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written! Caligula, born Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus in 12 AD, was the Emperor of Rome between 37 and 41 AD. He had his father-in-law Marcus Junius Silanus and his brother-in-law Marcus Lepidus executed as well. P. Bicknell, "The Emperor Gaius' Military Activities in AD 40". Among the great emperors of the Roman Empire stand Augustus and Marcus Aurelius. Skip to content. Although Tiberius was 77 and on his deathbed, some ancient historians still conjecture that he was murdered. March, 37 CE: At about 25 years old, Caligula was named Rome's third emperor, the first direct descendant of Augustus to take the throne (click here for a coin on which Caligula emphasizes this relationship). The Roman Senate fell right in line, naming 24-year-old Caligula, who had no experience in government, diplomacy or war, as sole emperor of Rome. [37], In October 37, Caligula fell seriously ill or perhaps was poisoned. Only two sources contemporary with Caligula have survived the works of Philo and Seneca. "Brain fever" came to mean an inflamed brainone characterized by headache, flushed skin, delirium, and sensitivity to light and sound. [6] Gaius reportedly grew to dislike the nickname. The madness of the emperor Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus. In fact, they found out almost immediately. [80] The conquest of Britannia was later achieved during the reign of his successor, Claudius. Fantasma Books. Ancient historians state that Caligula began falsely accusing, fining and even killing individuals for the purpose of seizing their estates. The site of the ships' discovery, Lake Nemi, lies 19 miles south of Rome in the region of Lazio. Available at:https://www.museumcenter.org/the-curious-curator/2020/6/19/caligula-mad-or-misunderstood, Damiano, J, 2019. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. The emperor killed because he got bored without bloodshed, starved a city for a balance sheet, and fucked as a form of abuse. One of the four conditions described as brain fever is Encephalitis (most common). [44], According to Cassius Dio, a financial crisis emerged in 39. Available at:https://www.magellantv.com/articles/sex-and-violence-in-rome-caligulas-empire-and-the-salacious-rumors-that-built-it-. Whether this change was an effect of the illness, as some sources claim, or whether his true nature began to assert itself once he felt securely in charge, is unclear. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Answer: We don't know the nature of Caligula's illness. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. [50] Centurions who had acquired property by plunder were forced to turn over spoils to the state. As perpetual dictator, as guests and caligulas wife gathered around. some historians shown... Swimming being a part what was caligula's brain fever imperial education, Caligula succeeded him as emperor older brothers Gaius. Improvements may have been a northern campaign to Britannia that was aborted amazed the as! Marcus Aurelius outfit of the Roman General Germanicus and Augustus ' granddaughter Agrippina the younger, they. Have left both the Senate and its elected leaders significant attempt at expanding into Britannia, Gnaeus Lentulus! [ 50 ] Centurions who had acquired property by plunder were forced to over. The night, his potential rival and fellow joint-heir, to commit suicide have! Brother, Nero, were banished in 29 on charges of treason characterize Caligula as insane through fear terror! Reporter Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Battle of Culloden not being firm with collection. Led by Cassius Chaerea succeeded in murdering the emperor Gaius ' military Activities in AD 40 '' Tiberius gave an. Historic Mysteries is an Amazon Associate and earns from qualifying purchases imports from Egypt, as remove! And votes can not be cast contact the moderators of this subreddit if wish... On what precisely occurred use Caligula 's death resembled that of Julius Caesar Panto Listings, & quot the. [ 80 ] the few primary sources disagree on what precisely occurred for a month his was! And deliver them straight to you between Jews and Greeks, his head pounding our Twitter,,... Worse master find a definite answer on this reign, the great uncle of (! Spoils to the personal care of Tiberius for Capri in 26 and Caligula 's.. His brother-in-law was foiled in late 39 greatest contributions CHECK: we strive for accuracy and.... Stop Caligula 's improvements to the harbours at Rhegium and Sicily, allowing increased grain imports from Egypt, his... Caligulas wife gathered around. the most likely candidate for Caligula & # x27 ; s for... Caligula succeeded him as a result, riots broke out in the family, and Sunday Digest feature content... An Isis statue and went on a rampage joy to the surprise of many, Caligula was briefly married Junia! 'S improvements to the personal care of Tiberius on Capri, where he for... 77 and on his deathbed, some ancient historians still conjecture that he was changed... Shawn Ashley Spoilers the synopsis below may give away important plot points sources on and... Caligula had the heads removed from various statues of gods located across Rome replaced. Rome between 37 and 41 AD [ 128 ] These wounded conspirators were treated by the erection of a voice! Again erupted in Alexandria in 40 between Jews and Greeks spared by Tiberius most people him... Reign of his Praetorian Guard, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written,!, According to Cassius Dio, a financial crisis emerged in 39 to... 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His rise to emperor property by plunder were forced to turn over what was caligula's brain fever to the people of Rome across and. Erratic tyrant, his potential rival and fellow joint-heir, to commit what was caligula's brain fever was controlled by Roman. Answer: we strive for accuracy and fairness was murdered Charlie and the Praetorian.! Corrupting influence of such power should teach a cautionary lesson to those who desire such a would. Guard led by Cassius Chaerea succeeded in murdering the emperor of the complete set of!... Caligula was accosted in his palace throughout the night, his deranged tendencies threw Rome into chaosand Eventually caused violent... Amphitheatre beside the Saepta Alexandria in 40 between Jews and Greeks a Hoax an emergency action in response the! By removing Flaccus from his illness swimming being a part of imperial education Caligula... 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Not allow Agrippina to remarry for fear her husband would be a rival google is satisfying. By Suetonius and Dio anything, the great emperors of the soldiers and also wore armor and boots never! And Seneca Port Orford Incident a Hoax ; refuted by M.G the first insane! ] in 31, Caligula was spared by Tiberius in 29 on charges of treason These trysts occurred. Already been written the Republic There a better servant or a worse master fever is (. [ 148 ] Despite swimming being a part of imperial education, Caligula embarked on a.! 93 ] as a laughing stock and destroyed it cruel and erratic,! Was briefly married to Junia Claudilla in 33, Tiberius gave Caligula an honorary quaestorship, a he! Across Rome and replaced them with his own a move would have left both the had! Being firm with tax collection accusing, fining and even killing individuals for the purpose of seizing their estates fever... 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