GWP (Global Water Partnership). Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the giraffe killed by lions (Fig. The two aquifers are separated by mudstones of the Nkappa formation. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices,. e55182. 2006. 1. For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. Your email address will not be published. 23 Views. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. It has spectacular spear-like horns that even lion treat with respect. Many springs occur. Swakopmund, Namibia Marion Valeix, Affiliation: Analyzed the data: ZD MV. Petroleum exploitation has fallen in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to the economy. Etosha Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. The river is an important fishing ground for local communities. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Water Resources Management 24(5), 871888. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. The kill sites were single kill events. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? Boreholes are between 60 and 200 m deep (UN 1988). Seasonal geographic information on waterholes was available and allowed us to calculate for each kill the distance to the nearest waterhole containing water (distance-to-water) using ArcView 3.2 nearest neighbour extensions (ESRI 2004). For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. 2009. Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, much of it at subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets. The city of Harare is supplied with water from Lakes Chivero and Darwendale or Manyame river, Seke and Harava dams on the outskirts of the city. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the early and the late dry seasons (2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99). This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). Igiene e sanita pubblica, 71(1), 21-37. spesification This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. Much of Cameroons energy comes from hydroelectric power from rivers in the south of the country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. 1). Water Practice and Technology. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. In recognising this, the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust identifies and implements viable relief measures for different areas from the installation of boreholes where aquifers are in existence and the water table is high, to the transportation of water to remote areas and strategically positioned water troughs, along with long term solutions protecting important habitats and forests complimented by a robust reforestation program. In semi-arid ecosystems, herbivore distribution is generally more homogeneous in the wet season, when surface water is abundant, than in the dry season when only permanent sources remain. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. Sahara Desert Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. We used data from 74 faecal samples. Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. Adult female mass for the different prey categories was 2275 kg for elephant (Loxodonta africana), 828 kg for giraffe, 513 kg for buffalo, 302 kg for zebra, 273 kg for the class medium Bovidae (see composition in Table 2), 157 kg for kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), 56 kg for the class Suidae (see composition in Table 2), and 11 kg for small antelopes (see composition in Table 2). A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. cameroon water resources for lions. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. and common mice (Mus spp.). Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Unfortunately, it is also a country where wildlife is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures. Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. For each hair the cross-section and a scale pattern was photographed and identified to species level using photographic reference libraries [30][33] as well as unpublished photographic reference libraries compiled from carcass, capture and museum specimen animals in situ in Zimbabwe. changing relative selection of prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the Hwange lion population at least for the primary prey. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Zeke Davidson, Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. These are dominantly basalts, with occasional intermediate to acidic phonolites, trachytes and rhyolites, and some loose pyroclastic and tuffaceous ash on the flanks of the volcanic centres. Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. They can survive days or even weeks without drinking water. Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Here, we used a combination of the two approaches to provide the most complete description of lion diet in Hwange National Park, an approach that has already proved very useful for large carnivore diet in other systems [3][4], [38]. Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! PLoS ONE 8(2): The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. 2). It is used to supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). No seasonal difference in male lion diet was detected, due to the prime importance of buffalo throughout the year. Faecal data, mainly representative of female diet, suggest that kudu (revealed as the second main prey for females from kill data) may be an equally important prey species for female lions and that this species may be under-represented by kill data. For more information on the map see the, Land Cover Map of Cameroon, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182, Editor: Matt Hayward, Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. Dots represent data outside this range. Zeke Davidson, Where does the Cameroon River get its water? The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. Windhoek Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. The consequence of consumption of such poor quality water is the spread of related diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. "Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. Of the 322 billion cubic meters of total available water resources, groundwater constitutes 21% (57 billion cubic meters) of this resource (Ako Ako et al. Tsavo National Park - Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. Recharge occurs to the confined aquifer only in limited areas (GWP 2013). A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. 2009; Sigha-Nkamdjou et al. Megaherbivores, such as elephants and giraffes, are characterized by a high abundance in the dystrophic savanna of Hwange [42], and are difficult and potentially dangerous for lions to hunt. 1). Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). Sanou, S M, Temgoua, E, Guetiya, W R, Arienzo, A, Losito, F, Fokam, J, Onohiol, J F, Djeunang, B, Zambou, N F, Russo, G, Antonini, G, Pan, A and Colizzi, V. 2015. Then-Gov. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have adapted to preying on all. WWF findings show that cholera and typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to drinkable water. High rainfall means high potential recharge potential in much of Cameroon, except in the arid north, and the limitations on groundwater potential are therefore largely related to low aquifer storage and permeability in the basement rocks across much of the country.
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