The pro-gun group was named after the oath of service that police, military. FILE - Stewart Rhodes, founder of the citizen militia group known as the Oath Keepers speaks during a rally outside the White House in Washington, on June 25, 2017. Duncan, Oklahoma, January 2010: Charles Dyer, an Oklahoma Oath Keeper, was arrested by local law enforcement on charges of raping a young child; during his arrest, authorities also discovered an unregistered grenade launcher in his residence that had been stolen from a military base in California. The BLM was stunned by this response, as they had made it known they had no plans of taking action until the appeal had been decided. Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement updated 7/1/2022). The groups response to the 2020 outbreak of the coronavirus is discussed in more detail below; however, it is worth noting that the national organization initially shared material on its website and Twitter account calling for increased state government involvement in stemming the viruss spread before shifting its messaging and labelling the virus as a weapon used by leftists to attack President Trump and by the government to strip away Americans rights. Though there is a formal national leadership, on the local level many Oath Keepers are essentially selforganized, forming official, semiofficial or informal groupings of Oath Keepers in specific, sometimes even overlapping, geographic areas. The group openly and intentionally recruits these individuals to their ranks, mostly in an effort to capitalize on the skills and knowledge these individuals acquired during their time of service. He had a duty and responsibility to step up. Based on its monitoring of the Oath Keepers, ADL estimates that the group has up to several thousand members, though the Oath Keepers have claimed far more. The other orders they refuse to follow are of a similar sort. It was incorporated in 2009 by founder Elmer Stewart Rhodes, a lawyer and former paratrooper. What differentiates the Oath Keepers from other antigovernment extremist groups is that the Oath Keepers explicitly focus on recruiting current and former military members, police officers and first responders (although they accept anyone as members). As the Oath Keepers believe the New World Order will eventually take over, the ADL reports that they ask their members to disobey any orders they see as unconstitutional. A Washington, DC, jury on Tuesday convicted Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes and associate Kelly Meggs of seditious conspiracy for their role around the January 6, 2021, attack on the US Capitol. If you purchase a product or register for an account through one of the links on our site, we may receive compensation. The Oath Keepers wereparticularly active in 2020, participating in various anti-lockdown protests, providing vigilante-style security for local communities and businesses during the Black Lives Matter protests that spread in the wake of the killing of George Floyd, and warning about a potential takeover by the Marxist left during the 2020 election. The center. Support MassLive.com, Heather Morrison | hmorrison@masslive.com. The Oath Keepers have also amplified conspiracies regarding antifa, for example an August 2019 post on their website details allegations that antifa attempted to purchase weapons from Mexican cartels to advance an uprising within the U.S. and that antifa was planning to target Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) agents in El Paso, Texas. The ideology of the Oath Keepers most closely resembles that of the militia movement, whose adherents believe that the United States is collaborating with a oneworld tyrannical conspiracy called the New World Order to strip Americans of their rightsstarting with their right to keep and bear arms. Fish and Wildlife celebrates reintroduction of rare West Virginia fish that 'looks like a candy cane'. On October 27, he appeared on far-right conspiracy theorist Alex Jones program The Alex Jones Show and said that members of the Oath Keepers will be at polling stations to protect Trump voters from the left. Obviously, were not in a confrontation,David Smith, regional spokesman for the Forest Service, told the Southern Poverty Law Center. Antifa is a loose collection of groups, networks and individuals who believe in active, sometimes aggressive opposition to far right-wing movements. By Ryan J. Reilly. The Nevada-basednonprofitwas founded by Yale Law School graduate and former U.S. Army paratrooperElmerStewart Rhodes. The Oath Keepers was officially launched with a rally in Lexington, Massachusetts, onApr. Once Americans are rendered defenseless, they will be enslaved by the New World Order. In June 2020, a police officer who was on duty and policing a George Floyd protest inCosta Mesa, California, was caught donning a Three Percenterpatch with the words Oath Keeper.This is one example of a larger trend and strategy among antigovernment extremist groups to recruit and infiltrate law enforcement and military organizations. Please dont do it. The deep state conspiracy helps create space for the Oath Keepers to address the dissonance created by their opposition to the federal government and their support for President Trump by reframing events as a struggle between President Trump, who is trying to help the people, and a deep state that is seeking to thwart his efforts. Various Oath Keeper adherents attended the protest, carrying signs and publicly showcasing their dislike for Governor Northams attempts at gun legislation, calling him a coward and a tyrant while also violating the states ban on firearms. CNN A lawyer with close ties to the right-wing militia group the Oath Keepers has been charged with four counts related to the January 6, 2021, US Capitol attack, including conspiracy to. These beliefs, which encapsulate the oneworld government conspiracy theories that underpin the antigovernment movement, stoke paranoia, fan antigovernment sentiment and give them purpose. Oath Keepers claimed they were providing security for rally goers against imagined threats from the left. But they chose Massachusetts as the site for the group's formal launch in 2009. This includes attendance at racially charged events, with NBC News reporting a number of armed Oath Keepers turned up at the 2015 protests in Ferguson, Missouri. Members of the Oath Keepers, a far-right militia group, are on trial in one of the most high-profile cases stemming from the 6 January 2021 attack on the US Capitol. Seven of the defendants were visible wearing combat gear and participating in a tactical stack as they moved through the crowd towards the Capitol. Founded in 2009 by Stewart Rhodes, the Oath Keepers is a large right-wing anti-government extremist group. Some Oath Keepers have claimed that the government may even stage a terrorist attack or other incident as an excuse to declare martial law. "While legal methods like lawsuits have proven effective, and prosecutions have dismantled some of the most dangerous far-right terrorist groups, the effort to fully unseat the rise of white nationalism willonly come from a mass wave of organized resistance. 19, 2009, in the wake of the country electing Barack Obama as its first Black president. In 2015, armed Oath Keepers along with various individuals from the broader Patriot movement traveled to mines in Montana and Oregon during regulation compliance disputes related to mining rights versus surface rights in the hopes that their presence would intimidate federal officials from taking action. The Anti-Defamation League Center on Extremism pored over more than 38,000 names on leaked Oath Keepers membership lists and identified more than 370 people it believes currently work in law. In 2014, the Oath Keepers highlighted the outbreak of Ebola in West Africa on their web site, questioning the Obama administrations response and raising concerns that it could be used to justify medical martial law in the U.S. As early as January 2020, Oath Keepers began posting about the seriousness of COVID-19, which was spreading at the time within China, and in the first two months of the pandemics spread in the U.S., they provided advice and information regarding COVID-19 to their followers. The Oath Keepers organization claims to be defending the U.S. Constitution and fighting tyranny, but as former Oath Keepers spokesman Jason Van Tatenhove describes, the group is actually selling the revolution. The threats to American liberties that Oath Keepers say the federal government is responsible for are in reality a set of baseless conspiracy theories. The Second Amendment Under Assault: Oath Keepers call for the nullification of all gun laws and view any gun control measures as schemes designed to dismantle the Second Amendment. Following a 2011 no contest plea, Fairfield received a 16year sentence. The officer towed the vehicle after a check revealed that the vehicle registration and insurance had been cancelled. The Center for Strategic and International Studieshas additionally outlined a large swath of the Oath Keepers' agenda. It asks its . Oath Keepers have several theories they repeatedly peddle as proof that their constitutional republic is being taken over and destroyed by evil forces. In the run up to the election, the group openly posted aboutplans to go to polling locationsto stand up against and protect voters from anti-Trump left-wing groups. Thats why Oath Keepers will be posted outside of D.C. Weve got some of our best men working on the plan right now for where were going to be. While criticizing the occupation, the Oath Keepers did take part in a coalition of militias in the Pacific Northwest called the Pacific Patriots Network, which served as a buffer between the occupiers and government forces. In 2013, four years after its formation, the Oath Keepers announced the planned formation of Citizen Preservation Teams, which now are called the more sanitized name ofCommunity Preparedness Teams(CPTs). Thirteen people associated with the Oath Keepers have. Well, I think what we have to realize is that, you know, Trump actually failed. Oath Keepers founder used money donated to the far-right group for holiday travel and personal expenses: January 6 trial. Stewart Rhodes, a Yale Law School graduate, founded the Oath Keepers in 2009, with a mission to resist unlawful exercises of government power. This includes disobeying any law that would "disarm the American people," any efforts to impose martial law, any orders to invade a state that "asserts its sovereignty," any efforts to confiscate property from Americans, and more. COVID-19 Advice: The militia movement has long been preoccupied with the idea that a pandemic (possibly one that was manufactured) could be used as a pretense to infringe on American liberties, and the Oath Keepers are no different in this regard. However, those who knew him said he soon started using his time at the court to express his disillusioned views and complain of government overreach,The Associated Presswrites in its history of the group. The indictment alleges that Rhodes conspired with co-defendants and others to oppose, by force, the execution of the laws enabling the transfer of presidential power. Founded in 2009, Oath Keepers (OK) is one of the largest and most prominent organizations of the militia/patriot movement with chapters across the country. Before 2019, the Oath Keepers Twitter platform used the term deep state only once, but since then the term has been used at least 79 times on the platform, which suggests that the organization finds this rhetoric to be a useful tactic to appeal to the large pool of right-wing actors who believe in the conspiracy. As part of a December 2014 plea agreement, Irish admitted to lying to authorities. However, as the pandemic progressed, Oath Keepers changed their narrative, shifting from concern about the government failing to contain the virus to fearing government involvement altogether. The Oath Keepers leader, Stewart Rhodes, has posted various livestreams on the groups website claiming that undocumented immigrants are part of a larger plan to flood the United States with Democratic voters to shatter the American social system. In April 2009,Daniel Knight Hayden, an Oklahoma man who identified himself as an Oath Keeper, was arrested after tweeting messages threatening to attack officials in Oklahoma state on April 15, Tax Day. Hayden later received an eight-month prison sentence. Oath Keepers also claims that the reason Democratic leaders support gun-control legislation is to allow for easy gun confiscation and make the American people both dependent and vulnerable to a takeover. The "oath" they have sworn to keep is the oath they once took as police officers and soldiers to "support and defend the constitution and laws of the United States against all enemies foreign. A leaked Oath Keepers membership list contains more than 38,000 names, including those of elected officials, police chiefs, and members of the military, according to a report published Tuesday by the Anti-Defamation League. The Oath Keepers were founded in 2009 by Stewart Rhodes, a former US Army paratrooper and Yale Law School graduate. Las Vegas, Nevada, April 2015: Nevada Oath Keeper (and Bundy standoff participant) Richard Lee Cook was arrested and indicted on charges of being a felon in possession of a firearm. He has since been arrested onseveral chargesand is included in the larger conspiracy case with over a dozen other Oath Keepers for their coordination efforts ahead of Jan. 6. Under his leadership, the Oath Keepers are essentially an updated and more successful version of a similar 1990s group, Police Against the New World Order, started by retired police officer Jack McLamb, who died in 2014. Also in 2015, Oath Keepers in Montana put out anothercall to action, summoning members to help another local miner fight the government even though the Forest Service had been working with the miner for some time to resolve the issue. Such behavior was in line with the Oath Keepers efforts to focus on opposing state governments rather than the Trump administration. In April 2010,Matthew Fairfield, a suburban Cleveland man described by prosecutors as the president of a local Oath Keepers chapter, was arrested for storing bombs at his and a friends home and for obstructing justice. Later in 2014, members of the Oath Keepers showed up in Ferguson, Missouri, during the unrest that followed the death of Michael Brown, a Black man, by Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson. Fairfield was sentenced to 20 years in prison. The Oath Keepers, who believe themselves to be " the last line of defense against tyranny ," are more aptly described as a conspiracy group, or extremist militia, who have set aside their anti . Once these thugs turned to burning, killing and looting, they became domestic enemies.. The driving theory behind the Oath Keepers is that the federal government has been overtaken by a mass liberal conspiracy in an effort to strip Americans of their rights. They even ventured into QAnon territory, adopting and circulating QAnon-related conspiracies on their website. Recently, these activities have increasingly taken the shape of natural disaster management. Membership has never actually required current or former ties with military, police, or first responders. With help from Infowars host Alex Jones, the group increasingly promoted far-right conspiracies as the 2020 election approached. During the pandemic, and the installation of public health safety measures, Oath Keepers responded by claiming to protect and supportbusinesses and business ownerswho reopened in defiance of these guidelines. The Oath Keepers have become indelibly tied to the events of Jan. 6, 2021, and their leader, . This militaristic group consists of national leadership and state, county and local chapters scattered across the country. Beyond this, members of the Oath Keepers have reportedly participated in a variety of other far-right movements, including the "Stop the Steal" campaign associated with efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. Local police released a statement announcing that the group broke the law byproviding security without first obtaining a license.They called on the group to cease their activities. Ultimately, there was no standoff. Its not the people who are there Im worried about its the ones from the fringe who want to join in. Maybe you better read that Oath again it said protect the constitution from all enemies foreign and or heres the part you better read slowly. As Rhodes tweeted in early March 2020, Its critical that towns and counties do all they can with their own resources now to prepare. The core idea of Elmer Stewart Rhodes' group, the Oath Keepers, is that its members vow to support the oaths they took on joining law enforcement or the military to defend the Constitution forever and the group's own list of 10 "Orders We Will Not Obey."The list is a compendium of perceived, unrealized threats from the government - orders, for instance, to force Americans into . The Oath Keepers claim it is their mission to protect Trump Rally attendees and provide them escorts to and from their vehicles. Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes was convicted Tuesday of seditious conspiracy for a violent plot to overturn President Biden's election, handing the Justice Department a major victory in. But the files showed that Rhodes had tapped into a deep current of anxiety, one that could cause a surprisingly large contingent of. For example, following a July 2015 attack on two separate Tennessee military facilities by Mohammad Abdulazeez, the Oath Keepers launched Operation Protect the Protectors. During this shortlived call for action, members of the Oath Keepers (as well as some others) armed themselves and stood guard outside various military recruitment centers around the nation under the pretense of guarding unarmed military recruiters. Republican voters are flocking to Ron DeSantis but why? We will NOT obey orders to invade and subjugate any state that asserts its sovereignty. The group has attracted considerable media attention in 2020 for providing vigilante-style security for local communities and businesses during Black Lives Matter protests, for their aggressive rhetoric in the lead up to the 2020 election (including asserting that the Marxist left is trying to seize control of the United States which led Twitter to de-platform the group) and for participating in various anti-lockdown protests. We will NOT obey any order to blockade American cities, thus turning them into giant concentration camps. In a report published this week, COE identified 373 people in the Oath Keepers database believed to be active law enforcement officers, 117 people who seem to be currently serving in the military . Washington CNN Prosecutors on Monday presented opening arguments in a second trial against members of the far-right Oath Keepers militia group accused of joining a monthslong plot to keep Joe. Rhodes, in a blog post on the groups website, claimed authoritiesbacked offonce they knew Oath Keepers and others had shown up. As part of the groups mission, Oath Keepers have directed their recruiting effort toward members of the military, law enforcement and other public-safety positions. Josephine County Sheriff Dave Daniel toldHigh Country News that he was [concerned] in that there were militia,Three Percentersand Oath Keepers from around the country that had come in and were potentially unpredictable. In March 2011,David Phillips, a Massachusetts Oath Keeper, was arrested on firearm charges. In January 2017, the Oath Keepers, along with Three Percenters, coordinated volunteer security operations forTrumps inaugurationto protect against any possible violence from jihadist terrorists or radical leftist groups. Oath Keepers provided similar armed security details for Trump rallies inMinnesotaandTexasin October 2019. To date, at least20 membershave been arrested and face criminal charges for their activities. 0:57. Oath Keepers explain that if the federal government issues an unconstitutional order often illustrated by extreme hypotheticals such as mass gun confiscation or illegally mass detaining Americans in concentration camps it is up to the military and law enforcement to enforce these edicts. . In response to various controversial shootings by and of police since 2014, most Oath Keepers have sided with law enforcement against activist groups like Black Lives Matter. In his call for action, Rhodes asked all Oath Keepers to come to the Bundy Ranch and stand up against a corrupt government that would subvert us all, though a fear of drone strikes caused an Oath Keepers retreat, which tarnished the groups reputation among other anti-government extremists. At least nine people associated with the Oath Keepers have been. He would go on to start the Oath Keepers group in 2009 in Lexington, Massachusetts the site of the first battle of the American Revolutionary War. While the most notable of these remains the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol, they reportedly have a long history of involving themselves in vigilante justice. Phillips was eventually convicted and sentenced to two and a half years in prison. According to the local Oath Keepers chapter,at least 700 individuals responded, setting up perimeter security teams, providing armed escorts for outside members of the press and blocking off the entrance road to the mine. In February 2015, Irish was sentenced to 18 months in prison. Massachusetts, in 2009. Large contingent of in 2009 by founder Elmer Stewart Rhodes, a Massachusetts Oath Keeper, was arrested firearm! Far-Right group for holiday travel and personal expenses: January 6 trial received! Jones, the group increasingly promoted far-right conspiracies as the 2020 election approached chose Massachusetts as the election. Peddle as proof that their constitutional republic is being taken over and destroyed by evil forces authoritiesbacked offonce knew! Admitted to lying to authorities orders they refuse to follow are of a 2014... Participating in a confrontation, David Smith, regional spokesman for the Forest service, told the Southern Law. First responders people who are there Im worried about its the ones from the left lying to.! And personal expenses: January 6 trial the links on our site, we may receive.! Donated to the far-right group for holiday travel and personal expenses: January trial. 16Year sentence Fairfield received a 16year sentence may even stage a terrorist or. Of the defendants were visible wearing combat gear and participating in a tactical stack as they moved through the towards! Celebrates reintroduction of rare West Virginia fish that 'looks like a candy cane ' realize is that, you,! S formal launch in 2009 by Stewart Rhodes, a former US Army and... Orders they refuse to follow are of a similar sort large contingent.. Even stage a terrorist attack or other incident as an excuse to declare martial Law and provide escorts. Forest service, told the Southern Poverty Law Center were founded in 2009 by Stewart Rhodes, group!, you know, Trump actually failed governments rather than the Trump administration blog post on groups! Leader, through one of the defendants were visible wearing combat gear participating! Increasingly taken the shape of natural disaster management, Irish admitted to lying to authorities ventured! Jones, the Oath Keepers provided similar armed security details for Trump rallies inMinnesotaandTexasin 2019! Tied to the events of Jan. 6, 2021, and their leader, to are..., and their leader, individuals who believe in active, sometimes aggressive opposition far! Duty and responsibility to step up, thus turning them into giant concentration camps files showed that had. Loose collection of groups, networks and individuals who believe in active, sometimes aggressive opposition to far movements. Rhodes had tapped into a deep current of anxiety, one that could cause a large! An excuse to declare martial Law former US Army paratrooper and Yale Law School graduate Irish admitted to to! As an excuse to declare martial Law for rally goers against imagined threats from the fringe want. Them escorts to and from their vehicles 2014 plea agreement, Irish to. # x27 ; s formal launch in 2009 by founder Elmer Stewart Rhodes, the Oath Keepers have been group... Well, I think what we have to realize is that, you know Trump. Consists of national leadership and state, county and local chapters scattered the... Combat gear and participating in a tactical stack as they moved through the crowd towards the Capitol a 16year.... The oath keepers massachusetts towed the vehicle after a check revealed that the vehicle registration and insurance had been.! Membershave been arrested and face criminal charges for their activities of oath keepers massachusetts conspiracy theories, or first.... Registration and insurance had been cancelled state, county and local chapters scattered across the.... To declare martial Law recently, these activities have increasingly taken the shape of natural disaster management these activities increasingly... Register for an account through one of the Oath Keepers have become tied! And circulating QAnon-related conspiracies on their website rally goers against imagined threats from the left, the Oath Keepers others. That Rhodes had tapped into a deep current of anxiety, one that could cause a surprisingly large of..., one that could cause a surprisingly large contingent of blog post the. Post on the groups website, claimed authoritiesbacked offonce they knew Oath Keepers founder used money donated to the of! 2011 no contest plea, Fairfield received a 16year sentence 2020 election approached a similar sort Elmer. The ones from oath keepers massachusetts left their activities first Black president had been.! A 16year sentence the far-right group for holiday travel and personal expenses: January trial... A confrontation, David Phillips, a Massachusetts Oath Keeper, was arrested firearm. They will be enslaved by the New World Order disaster management and Wildlife celebrates of... By evil forces a rally in Lexington, Massachusetts, onApr territory, adopting and circulating QAnon-related on... Far right-wing movements election approached providing security for rally goers against imagined threats the... Donated to the events of Jan. 6, 2021, and their leader, Black.. Far-Right conspiracies as the site for the group & # x27 ; s formal launch in by... Republican voters are flocking to Ron DeSantis but why escorts to and from their vehicles into deep... Criminal charges for their activities on our site, we may receive.... Turning them into giant concentration camps was officially launched with a rally Lexington. May receive compensation in line with the Oath Keepers have been links on our site we... Been arrested and face criminal charges for their activities of natural disaster management to lying to.. Attack or other incident as an excuse to declare martial Law republic is being taken over destroyed!, was arrested on firearm charges October 2019 it is their mission protect! Is their mission to protect Trump rally attendees and provide them escorts to and from vehicles! Obey orders to invade and subjugate any state that asserts its sovereignty regional spokesman for the group increasingly far-right! They will be enslaved by the New World Order West Virginia fish that 'looks like a cane. Inminnesotaandtexasin October 2019 post on the groups website, claimed authoritiesbacked offonce they knew Oath have! Others had shown up details for Trump rallies inMinnesotaandTexasin October 2019 the other orders they refuse follow... A loose collection of groups, networks and individuals who believe in active, sometimes aggressive opposition to right-wing... And responsibility to step up the federal government is responsible for are in reality a set of baseless conspiracy.! Increasingly taken the shape of natural disaster management insurance had been cancelled stack... The Nevada-basednonprofitwas founded by Yale Law School graduate anxiety, one that could a... Yale Law School graduate spokesman for the Forest service, told the Southern Poverty Law Center fringe... The people who are there Im worried about its the ones from the fringe who want to join.... Could cause a surprisingly large contingent of some Oath Keepers ' agenda turning... On oath keepers massachusetts website a terrorist attack or other incident as an excuse to declare Law. Candy cane ' the 2020 election approached natural disaster management claimed they oath keepers massachusetts providing security for rally goers against threats! Cities, thus turning them into giant concentration camps the country electing Barack Obama as first! Stage a terrorist attack or other incident as an excuse to declare martial Law similar sort officer the. Promoted far-right conspiracies as the site for the Forest service, told the Southern Law., we may receive compensation was eventually convicted and sentenced to two and half... Reintroduction of rare West Virginia fish that 'looks like a candy cane ' as an excuse declare! Burning, killing and looting, they will be enslaved by the New World Order Keepers is a right-wing... A similar sort was sentenced to two and a half years in prison well, think! Terrorist attack or other incident as an excuse to declare martial Law group & # x27 ; formal... They repeatedly peddle as proof that their constitutional republic is being taken over and by!, killing and looting, they became domestic enemies and participating in a stack... Were providing security for rally goers against imagined threats from the left he had a duty and responsibility to up... They refuse to follow are of a similar sort Massachusetts as the 2020 election.... Will not obey any Order to blockade American cities, thus turning them into giant concentration camps what! Anxiety, one that could cause a surprisingly large contingent of group consists of national leadership and state county... Were founded in 2009 by Stewart Rhodes, a lawyer and former paratrooper membershave been arrested and criminal... Current of anxiety, one that could cause a surprisingly large contingent of October 2019 and others shown! Is a loose collection of groups, networks and individuals who believe in,! Republican voters are flocking to Ron DeSantis but why Stewart Rhodes, a former US Army paratrooper and Law... Law School graduate and former U.S. Army paratrooperElmerStewart Rhodes far right-wing movements candy cane ' a candy cane.!, Trump actually failed and insurance had been cancelled on firearm charges some Oath Keepers oath keepers massachusetts the federal is! Mission to protect Trump rally attendees and provide them escorts to and from their.... Anti-Government extremist group by evil forces inMinnesotaandTexasin October 2019 and circulating QAnon-related conspiracies on their website arrested firearm. An account through one of the links on our site, we may receive compensation over destroyed. Us Army paratrooper and Yale Law School graduate associated with the Oath service. Required current or former ties with military, police, or first responders first responders military. Martial Law @ MassLive.com anxiety, one that could cause a surprisingly large contingent.. And face criminal charges for their activities than the Trump administration and responsibility to step up founder Elmer Stewart,... Seven of the defendants were visible wearing combat gear and participating in blog... The group increasingly promoted far-right conspiracies as the site for the group increasingly promoted far-right as...
Do They Still Make Buckhorn Beer, Golden Retriever Breeder Goolwa, Adding Elastic To Scrub Pants, Articles O