The war was fought primarily in the Crimean peninsula, and to a lesser extent in the Baltic during the related land War. After a short reign by his widow, Catherine I, the crown passed to empress Anna. Russia, along with France and Britain, was a member of the Entente in antecedent to World War I; these three powers were formed up in response of Germany's growing diadem,[72] one of the member of the Triple Alliance, besides Austria-Hungary and Italy. The current coat of arms was designed by artist Yevgeny Ukhnalyov; it was adopted on 30 November 1993 by a presidential decree,[3] and then by a federal law signed by President Vladimir Putin on December 20, 2000. All structured data from the file namespace is available under the. [153], The Russian Empire was predominantly a rural society spread over vast spaces. The six upper escutcheons are joint depictions of various smaller principalities and oblasts. [171] The majority of tertiary institutions in the empire used Russian, while some used other languages but later underwent Russification.[172]. Mironov assesses the effects of the reforms of latter 19th-century, especially in terms of the 1861 emancipation of the serfs, agricultural output trends, various standard of living indicators, and taxation of peasants. In 1889, a Russian adventurer, Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov, tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa, Sagallo, situated on the Gulf of Tadjoura in present-day Djibouti. Under Russia's revised Fundamental Law of 20 February 1906, the Council of the Empire was associated with the Duma as a legislative Upper House; from this time the legislative power was exercised normally by the Emperor only in concert with the two chambers. The eagle holds a sceptre in its right claw and an orb in its left claw. Upon achieving victory, she established Russian rule over it and expelled the newly established Persian garrisons in the Caucasus. Soviet historiography proclaimed that the Russian Empire of the 19th century was characterized by systemic crisis, which impoverished the workers and peasants and culminated in the revolutions of the early 20th century. The budget allocated 46 percent to the military, 20 percent to government economic activities, 12 percent to administration, and nine percent for the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg. [44] More extreme social doctrines were elaborated by such Russian radicals on the left, such as Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Bakunin, and Peter Kropotkin. ", "Perspective | Russian Orthodox Old Believers: Keeping their faith and fighting fires in the West Siberian Plain", " I " , , ", " "" "" XVIII ", "- 1 - , , 08.00.01 - ", "Chapter 1: The Environment and its Consequences", "The Plans for Russian Expansion in the New World and the North Pacific in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", "1791: Catherine the Great Tells Jews Where They Can Live", "This Day in Jewish History / May Laws Punish Russia's Jews", "Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Russian Empire", "Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire. The eagle bears a red shield on its breast depicting a silver horseman in a blue cape, mounted upon a silver horse and slaying a black dragon with a silver spear.". The coat of arms of Russia derives from the earlier coat of arms of the Russian Empire which was abolished with the Russian Revolution in 1917. The Soviet Union state motto ("Workers of the world, unite!") The banner is topped by the State Eagle. That war broke out when the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with strong German support, tried to suppress Serbian nationalism, with Russia supporting Serbia. The present list contains 2086 surnames of those individuals or families whose coats of arms were officially confirmed in the Russian Empire for the period since 1797 to 1888. [21] It is generally accepted that with the adoption of the imperial title by Peter I, Russia turned from a tsardom into an empire, and the imperial period began in the history of the country.[22][23]. Local nobles, merchants, and entrepreneurs imagined a future of promoting their regional interests, from "locality" to "empire". [13][14] The October Revolution saw the Bolsheviks seize power in the Russian Republic, sparking the Russian Civil War. Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis. The Russian Empire further expanded to the west, south, and east, concurrently establishing itself as one of the most powerful European powers. This concept of the triune Russian people, composed of the Great Russians, the Little Russians, and the Belorussians (White Russians), was introduced during the reign of Peter I, and it was associated with the name of Archimandrite Zakhary Kopystensky (1621), the Archimandrite of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Added to this, the peculiar institution of the mirframed on the principle of community ownership and occupation of the landthe overall effect was not encouraging of individual effort. The majority of the population lived in European Russia. [68] The Socialist Revolutionaries also differed from the Social Democrats in that the SRs believed a revolution must rely on urban workers, not the peasantry. [136][135] However, in the 19th century, policies became much more oppressive during the Russo-Turkish Wars, and the Russian Empire perpetrated persecutions such as the Circassian genocide. After Alexander was defeated in Friedland, he agreed to negotiate and sued for peace with France; the Treaties of Tilsit led to the Franco-Russian alliance against the Coalition and joined the Continental System. If your family had a Russian coat of arms which was included in one of these 10 parts, Blitz can research for the black-white image, description and a brief information regarding the people who received it in one of these volumes. Vyshnegradsky was succeeded by Count Sergei Witte in 1892. Between 1744 and 1867, the empire also controlled Russian America. Russian Empire Coat Of Arms. The Russian Empire's state religion was Orthodox Christianity. A Review Article", Suny, Ronald Grigor. Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided. Have one to sell? In 1913, 80% of the people were peasants. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). c/o Russian Baltic Information Center - BLITZ He replaced the old boyar Duma (council of nobles) with a nine-member Senate, in effect a supreme council of state. Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the Russo-Persian War of 182628, Russia managed to bring an end to the war with highly favourable terms granted by the Treaty of Turkmenchay, including the formal acquisition of what are now Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Idr Province. [169], Emperor Nicholas I was a reactionary who wanted to neutralize foreign ideas, especially those he ridiculed as "pseudo-knowledge". The question of Russia's direction had been gaining attention ever since Peter the Great's program of modernization. Many peasants took "gratuitous allotments", whose amount was about one-eighth of the normal allotments. Witte began by raising revenues through a monopoly on alcohol, which brought in 300 million rubles 1894. Catherine extended Russian political control over the lands of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, supporting the Targowica Confederation. The present list contains the list of surnames of those individuals or families whose coats of arms were officially confirmed in the Russian Empire up to year 1917 and included in the remained parts XI-XXI of the General Armorial. There he built Russia's new capital, Saint Petersburg, on the Neva River, to replace Moscow, which had long been Russia's cultural center. [92] The Germans continued pushing the front until they were halted in the line from Riga to Tarnopol. [79] Serbia rejected an Austrian ultimatum that demanded an obligation for the heir's death, and Austria cut all diplomatic ties and declared war on 28 July 1914. (-, 1911-1915).jpg, . These allotments were given over to the rural commune, the mir, which was responsible for the payment of taxes for the allotments. It was the supreme court of cassation; an audit office; a high court of justice for all political offences; and one of its departments fulfilled the functions of a heralds' college. This is a list of surnames which once held Coats of Arms in the Russian Empire. It shows wheat as the symbol of agriculture, a rising sun for the future of the Russian nation, the red star (the RSFSR was the last Soviet Republic to include the star in its state emblem, in 1978) as well as the hammer and sickle for the victory of Communism and the "world-wide socialist community of states". About the same time, a process of Russification was being carried out in the same provinces, in all departments of administration, in the higher schools, and in the Imperial University of Dorpat, the name of which was altered to Yuriev. By August 1914, Russia had invaded the German province of East Prussia, ending with a humiliating defeat at Tannenberg, owing to the message sent without wiring and coding,[86] causing the destruction of the entire second army. From 1891 to 1892, peasants were faced with new policies carried out by Ivan Vyshnegradsky, causing the famine and disease that took the lives of four hundred thousand people,[119][120] especially in the Volga region, eliciting the greatest decline in grain production. The discontent over the dominant positions of Baltic Germans in Russian politics resulted in Peter I's daughter Elizabeth being put on the Russian throne. The great powers mobilized, and Berlin decided to act before the others were ready to fight, first invading Belgium and France in the west, and then Russia in the east.[62]. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. They accepted land reform but insisted that property owners be fully paid. Russia's status as a great power concealed the inefficiency of its government, the isolation of its people, and its economic and social backwardness. The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth and elected delegates directly to the college of the governorates. After the death of Empress Elizabeth, Catherine came to power after she effected a coup d'tat against her unpopular husband. Finally, in the Baltic provinces nearly all the land belonged to the German landlords, who either farmed the land themselves, with hired laborers, or let it in small farms. ", the rebels threatened to take Moscow before they were ruthlessly suppressed. This is a list of surnames which once held Coats of Arms in the Russian Empire. His ministers were responsible solely to him, and not to the Duma or any other authority, which could question but not remove them. During his reign, Russia formed the Franco-Russian Alliance, to contain the growing power of Germany; completed the conquest of Central Asia; and demanded important territorial and commercial concessions from China. When renamed from the RSFSR into the Russian Federation on December 25, 1991, the country reinstated its old pre-revolutionary coat of arms depicting a two-headed eagle. [90] In the same month, the emperor dismissed Grand Duke Nicholas and took charge in command,[91] this was a turning point for the Russian army and the beginning of the worst disaster. The capital was out of control of the protest and strife.[104]. The Emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right, although his Finnish subjects came to consider the grand duchy as such. The following 170 files are in this category, out of 170 total. The late 1820s were successful years militarily. [125] In a policy influenced by Catherine II but solidified in the 19th century, Tsarist Russia exhibited increasing "confessionalization" pursuing top-down reorganization of the empire's faiths,[125] also referred to as the "confessional state". Following a dispute with Emperor Alexander I, in 1812, Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia. They formed the Triple Entente, which played a central role in the First World War. The Standard of the President of Russia In the beginning of the 17th century, with the ascension of the Romanov dynasty and its contacts with Western Europe, the image of the eagle changed. The Russian Empire expanded its influence and possessions in Central Asia, especially in the later 19th century, conquering much of Russian Turkestan in 1865 and continuing to add territory as late as 1885. The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three metropolitans (Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv), fourteen archbishops and fifty bishops, all drawn from the ranks of the monastic (celibate) clergy. Before the liberation of the serfs in 1861, Russia's economy mainly depended on agriculture. As late as 1851, only 8% of Russians lived in cities. In the college itself, the voting for the Duma was by secret ballot and a simple majority carried the day. c/o Russian Baltic Information Center - BLITZ $11.13 + $2.97 shipping . Thus, while the emperor's personal powers were limited in scope after 28 April 1906, they remained formidable. [33] She furthered these efforts by ordering the public trial of Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova, a high-ranking nobleman, on charges of torturing and murdering serfs. High quality Russian Empire Coat Of Arms-inspired gifts and merchandise. Russia had a long-standing economic bargain on fundamental agriculture on large estates, which was worked by Russian peasants (also known as serfs), who didn't get any rights from slave masters under the system of "barshchina. The white-blue-red flag was reintroduced in 1883 but the black-yellow-white remained in use until it was fully replaced in all circumstances in 1896. "Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism. Soviets (councils of workers) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity. We print the highest quality russian empire coat of arms stickers on the internet Hi there! The Russian Orthodox Church was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure, in effect making it a tool of the state. A major peasant uprising took place in 1773, after Catherine legalised the selling of serfs separate from land. They favored far-reaching reforms, and hoped the landlord class would fade away, while agreeing they should be paid for their land. In the aftermath of the February Revolution, the short-lived Russian Provisional Government proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Republic as a successor across its territories. In 1801, 4 years after Paul became ruler of Russia, he was killed in the Winter Palace in a coup. Whilst these gestures garnered Catherine much positive attention from Europe during the Enlightenment, the specter of revolution and disorder continued to haunt her and her successors. [103] Any symbols of Russian imperialism were destroyed and burned. The larger cities (Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Sevastopol, Kerch, Nikolayev, and Rostov) had administrative systems of their own, independent of the governorates; in these the chief of police acted as governor. The first type represented the eagle with spread wings, one crown, with an image of St.George on the breast and with a wreath and a thunderbolt in its claws. The Nobles' Land Bank, in 1885, made loans at nominal interest rates to the landed nobility. He transformed them into nobility, who were obedient nobles served the state for the rest of their lives. , . Of the rest, 8 Governorates were in Finland and 10 in Congress Poland. To the north was the Arctic Ocean. The Land of the Future - 1914 (page 1 crop).jpg, Constantine Palace (2008-08-29), exterior, IMG07.jpg, Costume of the coronation herald (1797?, Kremlin) by shakko 01.jpg, Punch, Vol. As part of the Treaty of Georgievsk, signed with the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, and her own political aspirations, Catherine waged a new war against Persia in 1796 after they had invaded eastern Georgia. This category has the following 27 subcategories, out of 27 total. The ministers, also nominated, were ex officio members. Although he made and annulled all senior ecclesiastical appointments, he did not settle questions of dogma or church teaching. Peter abolished the patriarchate and replaced it with a collective body, the Holy Synod, which was led by a government official.[30]. [67], On the left, the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) and the Marxist Social Democrats wanted to expropriate the land, without payment, but debated whether to distribute the land among the peasants (the Narodnik solution), or to put it into collective local ownership. Russia averted Serbia because it being a compeer Slavic state, and two days later, Emperor Nicholas II ordered the mobilisation to bestow the loyalty to the Orthodox Church, not just for a similar slavic nation. Only one-quarter of the peasants were farmers; the remainder were mere laborers.[164]. Literacy among women was very low. In 1918, the Bolsheviks executed the Romanov family, and after emerging victorious from the Russian Civil War in 19221923, they established the Soviet Union across most of the territory of the former Russian Empire. In 1815, Dr. Schffer, a Russian entrepreneur, went to Kauai and negotiated a treaty of protection with the island's governor Kaumualii, vassal of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii, but the Russian emperor refused to ratify the treaty. Russia was in a state of war with the French Republic under the leadership of the Corsica-born consul Napoleon Bonaparte. Although it is technically an emblem rather than a coat of arms, since it does not follow traditional heraldic rules, in Russian it is called (gerb), the word used for a traditional coat of arms. [128], Islam had a "sheltered but precarious" place in the Russian Empire. The groundwork leading up to the establishment of the Russian Empire was laid by Ivan III (14621505): he tripled the territory of the Russian state and laid its foundation, renovating the Moscow Kremlin and also ending the dominance of the Golden Horde. Otets otechestva, IPA:[tets tetstv]) and the Emperor of all the Russias. Lastly, it promulgated new laws, a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the Supreme Court of the United States, of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws. Poland was partitioned by its three neighbours in the 17721815 era, with much of its land and population being taken under Russian rule. Traditionally, the latter have alternatively been interpreted as representing the conquered kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia, as stated in the first edict concerning the state seal, on 14 December 1667, or as standing for the unity of Great Russia (Russia), Little Russia (the Ukraine) and White Russia (Belarus). After he became the emperor, Napoleon defeated Russia at Austerlitz in 1805, Eylau and Friedland in 1807. At the same time, the full set of coat of arms of Great, Medium and Minor Arms, was laid down and approved. Russian ruble coins depict the coat of arms on the obverse side since 2016. The Russians started to invade Galicia, held by Austrian Cisleithania on 20 August, and annihilated the Austrian Army at Lemberg, leading to the occupation of Galicia. A Critical Analysis of the Great Crimean Tatar Emigration of 1860-1861", "The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia by Paul W. Werth", "How the Jesuits Survived Their Suppression: The Society of Jesus in the Russian Empire (17731814), written by Mark Inglot, S.J. In 1881, Alexander II was assassinated by the Narodnaya Volya, a Nihilist terrorist organization. Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon, Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible, but against a coalition of the great powers of Europe, the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the weakness of Emperor Nicholas I's regime. They are available in the Russian National Library. This coat of arms was drawn based on its blazon which - being a written description - is free from copyright. They have been retained in the modern Russian arms despite the fact that the Russian Federation is not a monarchy, which led to objections by the Communists even though both the blue ribbon and the collar of the Order of St. Andrew (which in the imperial arms supported the three crowns and surrounded the central shield) have been removed from the current coat of arms. But the offensive was halted by inadequate ammunition and a lack of supplies. Elizabeth supported the arts, architecture, and the sciences (for example, the founding of Moscow University). Proceeding from the left in a counter-clockwise direction, these represent, as they are included in the full imperial title: the Khanate of Kazan, the Congress Kingdom of Poland, Tauric Chersonesos, the unified coat of arms of the Grand Principalities of Kiev, Vladimir and Novgorod, the dynastic arms of the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, the Grand Principality of Finland, the Georgian principalities, and the Khanates of Siberia and Astrakhan. The poll tax was abolished in 1886.[115]. Under Alexander III, however, by-laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos. [108] Regarding irrationality, Russia avoided the full force of the European Enlightenment, which gave priority to rationalism, preferring the romanticism of an idealized nation state that reflected the beliefs, values, and behavior of the distinctive people. Exiled Jesuits set up elite boarding schools until their order was expelled in 1815. Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the Caucasus in the course of the 19th century, at the expense of Persia through the Russo-Persian Wars of 180413 and 182628 and the respectively ensuing treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay,[107] as well as through the Caucasian War (18171864). But even this sheet of water is an inland sea, the only outlet of which, the Bosphorus, was in foreign hands, while the Caspian Sea, an immense shallow lake, mostly bordered by deserts, possessed more importance as a link between Russia and its Asiatic settlements than as a channel for intercourse with other countries. The class of kholops, whose status was close to that of slaves, remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter converted household kholops into house serfs, thus counting them for poll taxation. The final version of the emblem was adopted in 1956 with the removal of the Finnish inscription from the insignia, reflecting the 1956 transformation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR into the Karelian ASSR. [47], Russian emperors quelled two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories: the November Uprising in 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863. [150]:69. The present list contains 2086 surnames of those individuals or families whose coats of arms were officially confirmed in the Russian Empire for the period since 1797 to 1888. In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (180612), and the ensuing Treaty of Bucharest (1812), the eastern parts of the Principality of Moldavia, an Ottoman vassal state, along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule, came under the rule of the Empire. Click to enlarge. Its victories in the Russo-Turkish Wars were later checked by defeat in the Crimean War (18531856), leading to a period of reform and intensified expansion into Central Asia. It was catastrophic for France, whose army was decimated during the Russian winter. Many reforms were promised, but few were actually carried out before 1820 when the emperor turned his attention to foreign affairs and personal religion and ignored reform issues. Previously we placed on our site a list of surnames of people granted with the blazons included in the parts (volumes) I-X of the General Armorial of the Russian Empire. On 4 June 1916, General Aleksei Brusilov carried out an offensive to the front by targeting Kovel. [56][57], Russia had little difficulty expanding to the south, including conquering Turkestan,[58] until Britain became alarmed when Russia threatened Afghanistan, with the implicit threat to India; and decades of diplomatic maneuvering resulted, called the Great Game. The background of this revolt lay in the Napoleonic Wars, when a number of well-educated Russian officers travelled in Europe in the course of military campaigns, where their exposure to the liberalism of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to autocratic Russia. Gules, a double-headed eagle displayed, twice imperially crowned, grasping in the dexter claw an imperial sceptre, and in the sinister claw an imperial orb, all Or; in chief another larger imperial crown with issuant and pendent therefrom a ribbon, also Or; the eagle is charged on the breast with an escutcheon Gules, a rider contourn, armoured Argent, cloaked Azure, riding a horse passant Argent, saddled Gules, and enfiling with a spear Argent a dragon Sable. ", Richard Cavendish, "The Bolshevik-Menshevik split November 16th, 1903.". The coat of arms of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) was adopted on 10 July 1918 by the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Soviet Union), and modified several times afterwards. This burden increased every year; consequently, one-fifth of the inhabitants left their houses and cattle disappeared. Best Russian Empire Coat Of Arms Gift Ideas | Zazzle Shop by Category Christmas Invitations & Cards Weddings Business Supplies Art & Wall Dcor Home & Living Sports, Toys, & Games Crafts & Party Supplies Clothing & Accessories Electronics Office & School Baby & Kids Gifts & Moments Create Your Own New ArrivalsView All Categories To replace Muslim refugees who had fled across the new frontier into Ottoman territory, the Russian authorities settled large numbers of Christians from ethnically diverse communities in Kars Oblast, particularly Georgians, Caucasus Greeks, and Armenians, each of whom hoped to achieve protection and advance their own regional ambitions. [15] By 1795, after the Partitions of Poland, Russia became the most populous state in Europe, ahead of France. The deep indentations of the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland were surrounded by what is ethnically Finnish territory, and it is only at the very head of the latter gulf that the Russians had taken firm foothold by erecting their capital at the mouth of the Neva River. : Yeltsin chooses the particularly inapt double-headed eagle. As of 1914, Russia was divided into 81 governorates (guberniyas), 20 oblasts, and 1 okrug. Category: Emblems. The serfdom that had developed in Russia in the 16th century, and had become enshrined in law in 1649, was abolished in 1861. is a squared Russian tricolour defaced with the coat of arms of Russia, the banner of the Russian Armed Forces also has the coat of arms centered on the obverse side. For 'utmost integration' into the Russian Federation, the occupiers plan to return . Each Soviet Republic (SSR) and Autonomous Soviet Republic (ASSR) had its own coat of arms, largely inspired by the state emblem of the Union. General Collection of Coats of Arms for the All-Russian Empire Vol XI-XXI. [161], After Emancipation reform, one-quarter of peasants received allotments of only 1.2 hectares (2.9 acres) per male, and one-half received less than 3.4 to 4.6 hectares (8.5 to 11.4 acres); the normal size of the allotment necessary for the subsistence of a family under the three-fields system is estimated at 11 to 17 hectares (28 to 42 acres). Peter I promoted the advancement of science, particularly geography and geology, trade, and industry,[24] including shipbuilding, as well as the growth of the Russian educational system. All the property turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the mir, the village community, which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings. [167], The accession in 1801 of Alexander I (18011825) was widely welcomed as an opening to fresh liberal ideas from the European Enlightenment. In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). The 1860s saw further socio-economic reforms to clarify the position of the Russian government with regard to property rights. [69], In 1903, at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, in London, the party split into two wings: the gradualist Mensheviks and the more radical Bolsheviks. There were no schools open to girls. The emperor's most influential adviser was Konstantin Pobedonostsev, tutor to Alexander III and his son Nicholas, and procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1895. Germany, the Austria's ally, saw the call to arms as a threat; when Russia mustered its troops, Germany affirmed the state of "imminent danger of War",[81] followed by the declaration of war on 1 August 1914. His attention then turned to the north. These reforms returned the peasants to essentially being serfs again. Although Napoleon's Grande Arme reached Moscow, the Russians' scorched earth strategy prevented the invaders from living off the country. Select from premium Coat Of Arms Of The Russian Empire of the highest quality. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in its whole consists of a shield, supporters, a crest, and a motto.A coat of arms is traditionally unique to the armiger (e.g. Nicholas II proved ineffective as a ruler, and in the end his dynasty was overthrown by revolution. Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire: the New Siberian Islands from the early 18th century; Severnaya Zemlya ("Emperor Nicholas II Land") first mapped and claimed as late as 1913. To the east were the Asiatic territories of the Empire: Siberia and the Kyrgyz steppes, from both of which it was separated by the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea the administrative boundary, however, partly extended into Asia on the Siberian slope of the Urals. 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