Maria's daughters became queens of Spain and England. [42] Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his nominal feudal overlord, exorbitant dues,[43] and he sent munitions to the emperor during the Battle of Vienna. Known to history as Cosimo the Elder, he lived a spartan life but was a devoted patron of the humanities, supporting artists such as Lorenzo Ghiberti, Filippo Brunelleschi, Donatello and Fra Angelico. The descendants of Cosimo I ruled into the 18th century in relative stability. The Art of Living and Giving. In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke Francis of Lorraine, she willed all the personal property of the Medici to the Tuscan state, provided that nothing was ever removed from Florence. Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, engineer, architect, inventor, and student of all things scientific. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later overturned, but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson, Cosimo III. Catherine de' Medici became the Queen of France, and as History tells us, the family produced no less than four popes. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, first attained wealth and political power in Florence, Italy, in the 13th century through its success in commerce and banking. Corrections? After 1340 an economic depression throughout Europe forced these more powerful houses into bankruptcy. Remove from heat and set aside. Gian Gastone, who came to power in 1723 and led a life of debauchery, died without any heirs. On the right is a meeting of the liberal arts near a fountain. The line of the Princes of Ottajano, an extant branch of the House of Medici who were eligible to inherit the grand duchy of Tuscany when the last male of the senior branch died in 1737, could have carried on as Medici sovereigns but for the intervention of Europe's major powers, which allocated the sovereignty of Florence elsewhere. Elected to the Papacy, becoming Pope Leo X. [51], The "Lorrainers", as the occupying forces were called, were popularly loathed, but the regent, the Prince de Craon, allowed the electress to live unperturbed in the Palazzo Pitti. They first attained wealth and political power in Florence through their success in commerce and banking. [79], Old coat of arms of the Medici used by Giovanni di Bicci and Cosimo the Elder, The intermediate coat of arms of the Medici, Or, six balls in orle gules, The "augmented coat of arms of the Medici, Or, five balls in orle gules, in chief a larger one of the arms of France (viz. Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the Habsburg domains in the time period in question. The Medicis' wealth and influence was initially derived from the textile trade guided by the wool guild of Florence, the Arte della Lana. Assuming the mantle of family power from Lorenzo, Piero alienated the people of Florence by siding with the French. including all of the Roman Catholic royal families of Europebut they are not patrilineal Medici. The simplest, though also unproven, theory suggests that the balls represented coins copied from the coat of arms of the Guild of Moneychangers (Arte del Cambio) to which the Medici belonged. His sister (Anna Maria Luisa if nemory serves) survived him for a few years, but couldnt't give birth to any heir. Cosimos elder son Francis succeeded his father, but proved a less effective ruler. Cosimo and Lorenzo rarely held official posts but were the unquestioned leaders. Tony Soprano and Shakespeares Macbeth may be well-known Machiavellian characters, but the man whose name inspired the term, Niccolo Machiavelli, didnt read more, 1. [47] On 25 October 1731, a Spanish detachment occupied Florence on behalf of Don Carlos, who disembarked in Tuscany in December of the same year. They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the arts and humanism. Perhaps God wills that this war, which began in the blood of my brother and of myself, should be ended by any means. After Ferdinands son Cosimo II (who supported the work of the mathematician, philosopher and astronomer Galileo Galilei) died in 1720, Florence and Tuscany suffered under ineffectual Medici rule. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after territorial expansion. Francis younger brother Ferdinand, who became grand duke in 1587, restored Tuscany to stability and prosperity. [35] Harold Acton, an Anglo-Italian historian, ascribed the decline of Tuscany to the Turtici regency. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Medici-family, Art Encyclopedia - The Medici Family, Florence, Medici Family - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Medici family - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), 63 Questions from Britannicas Most Popular Visual Arts Quizzes. By the 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. "They were bankers," says Bartlett. Giovannis elder son, Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464), rose to political power in 1434 and ruled Florence as an uncrowned monarch for the rest of his life. After only two years in power, he was forced out of the city in 1494, and died in exile. In comparison to the 17th century, the population of Florence declined by 50%, and the population of the grand duchy as a whole declined by an estimated 40%. By the early 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. To ensure that a Medici of the Cosimo line would continue to rule Florence, Pope Clement VII, nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent, installed Alessandro (151137), reputedly his own illegitimate son, as hereditary duke of Florence. In 1378, Salvestro de' Medici proposed a reform widening the suffrage within the Republic, attracting the sympathy of the population for his family. The dynasty collapsed with a debauched duke. As Cosimo I, he established absolute power in the region, and his descendants would rule as grand dukes into the 1700s. As a consequence, the grand duchy expired and the territory became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. [26] To strengthen the new Franco-Tuscan alliance, he married his niece, Marie, to Henry IV of France. They were and still are a pretty big name, is what we're saying. [11] The dynasty began with the founding of the Medici Bank in Florence in 1397. The table below shows the origins of the Medici: This extract shows the branch that gave rise to the celebrated branch of the Medici descending from Giovanni "di Bicci", who founded the Medici fortunes: This is the branch of Cosimo's brother, Lorenzo, called the "Popolano" Branch, which gave rise to the Grand-Dukes of Tuscany: The origin of the Medici coat of arms is not recorded. Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, Anna Maria Luisa's spouse, successfully requisitioned the dignity Royal Highness for the Grand Duke and his family in 1691, despite the fact that they had no claim to any kingdom. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Descendants of members of the silk guild and descendants of attorneys both at the 93rd percentile in 1427 are among the wealthiest families today. A scouting party was sent out, and in late December the read more. Pills did not exist until much later and bloodletting was not a common practice at the time of the first Medici coat of arms. In 1736, following the War of the Polish Succession, Don Carlos was disbarred from Tuscany, and Francis III of Lorraine was made heir in his stead. He also was the leader of the Florence merchants. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [13] The city's numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by townhouses built by the prospering merchant class.[14]. Leo X's fun-loving pontificate bankrupted Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts. [49] In January 1737, the Spanish troops withdrew from Tuscany, and were replaced by Austrians. Son of Ludovico Medici and Maria Salviati. As these descendants lost their grip on the banking empire, economic troubles with debt-ridden foreign nationals and the Pazzi conspiracy - a coup by rival banking families backed by the Catholic Church to usurp Medici control in Florence - had brought the Medici Bank to an end. The Descendants of Cosimo de' Medici Lorenzo was a poet himself, and supported the work of such Renaissance masters as Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo (whom the Medicis commissioned to complete their family tombs in Florence). . Medici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). Medici, House ofThe Medici family dominated the Italian city of Florence throughout the Renaissance and beyond, from 1434 to 1737. Giulia de' Medici. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, was the Italian family that ruled Florence, and later Tuscany, during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512, and from 1527 to 1530). . Cosimo de Medici Another branch of the family, descended from Salvestro's distant cousin Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, would begin the great Medici dynasty. How did Medici family end? After the Medici and until the unification o. However, several extant branches of the House of Medici survive, including the Princes of Ottajano, the Medici Tornaquinci,[55] and the Verona Medici Counts of Caprara and Gavardo. [46] On 25 October 1723, six days before his death, Grand Duke Cosimo disseminated a final proclamation commanding that Tuscany stay independent: Anna Maria Luisa would succeed uninhibited to Tuscany after Gian Gastone, and the grand duke reserved the right to choose his successor. With that said, there was a . Francesco married Johanna of Austria, and with his consort produced Eleonora de' Medici, Duchess of Mantua, and Marie de' Medici, Queen of France and Navarre. The Medici family can be traced to the Mugello valley just north of Florence where they were mentioned in a document from the year 1230. In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope Clement VII diedand with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. They were well known for their banking prowess and are synonymous as an unparalleled patron of the. After this, Lorenzo adopted his brother's illegitimate son Giulio de' Medici (14781535), the future Pope Clement VII. The Medici, however, were able to escape this fate and even took advantage of it to establish themselves among the citys elite. By 1722, the electress was not even acknowledged as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to spectator at the conferences for Tuscany's future. Under Savonarola's fanatical leadership many great works were "voluntarily" destroyed in the Bonfire of the Vanities (February 7, 1497). which his descendants held until 1737. The mob hastened to seek out Salvestros first cousin, Vieri, who was, however, able to fade away without losing face. This has been suggested as a reason for the rise of the Medici family.[16]. The pact states that the artworks belong to the state to educate people about the Medici family and attract tourism. Cosimo understood immediately that the only way to protect the fortune they had gathered was to acquire an even larger political influence in Florence. After Lorenzos premature death at the age of 43, his eldest son Piero succeeded him, but he soon infuriated the public by accepting an unfavorable peace treaty with France. Updates? The Florentines grieved her,[54] and she was interred in the crypt that she helped to complete, San Lorenzo. Introduction. The name in Italian is pronounced with the stress on the first syllable /m .di.ti/ and not on the second vowel. In the 16th century a third line renounced republican notions and imposed its tyranny, and its members made themselves a dynasty of grand dukes of Tuscany. As such, Medici rule stagnated until the next generation, when Piero's son Lorenzo took over. Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua (1566-1611) Romola (1568) Anna (1569-1584) Isabella (1571-1572) Lucrezia (1572-1574) Maria, Queen of France (1573-1642) married Henry IV of France. Father of, Cousin of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, son of. Print Family Tree. He married Maria Maddalena of Austria, with whom he had his eight children, including Margherita de' Medici, Ferdinando II de' Medici, and an Anna de' Medici. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century and facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century. Their support was critical, since artists generally began work on their projects only after they had received commissions. His two sons were Piero (141669) and Giovanni (142463). Main article: House of Medici Contents 1Root Medici Tree 2Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany) 3Structure of the family tree lines 4The descendants line 4.1Origins 4.2Branch of Salvestro di Averardo 4.3Branch of Cafaggiolo 4.4Branch of Popolano (Trebbio)/Grand Ducal Branch 5Cornerstone figures of the line of succession 6Places 7See also The Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the major Florentine works of art created during their period of rule. The Medici family were at the time the de facto rulers of Florence: originally bankers, they came to great wealth and power by bankrolling the monarchies of Europe. At least half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed by the Medici and their foundational branches in business. This generation of grand dukes ruled by force, and reduced Florence's reputation as a cultural capitol. Main article: House of Medici Contents 1Root Medici Tree 2Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany) 3Structure of the family tree lines 4The descendants line 4.1Origins 4.2Branch of Salvestro di Averardo 4.3Branch of Cafaggiolo 4.4Branch of Popolano (Trebbio)/Grand Ducal Branch 5Cornerstone figures of the line of succession 6Places 7See also For the pharmaceutical company, see, Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, The Medieval World Europe 11001350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany. When Gian Gastone's only sibling, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the last of the family line, passed away in 1743 without any children, she willed the Medicis' enormous art collection and other. Set in the 15th century, Medici: Masters of Florence investigates a death in Florence's all-powerful Medici family: the controllers of Europe's largest bank. Catherine's father, Lorenzo II de' Medici, was made Duke of Urbino by his uncle Pope Leo X, and the title reverted to Francesco Maria I della Rovere after Lorenzo's death. The period has even been called the century of Leo X. From 1513 to 1521, surrounded by five nephews and cousins whom he had named cardinals, Leo X reigned less over Christianity than over arts and letters in the style of his father, the Magnificent, too occupied with patronage to pay sufficient attention to an unimportant monk by the name of Martin Luther. Despite his refusal of official approval, the pope nonetheless allowed the plot to proceed without interfering, and, after the failed assassination of Lorenzo, also gave dispensation for crimes done in the service of the church. [6] In 1532, the family acquired the hereditary title Duke of Florence. Queen. they are not one of the original noble families from the city of Florence. Finally, all were consumed by a passion for arts and letters and for building. Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the New World with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions. The Medici produced four popes of the Catholic ChurchPope Leo X (15131521), Pope Clement VII (15231534), Pope Pius IV (15591565)[5] and Pope Leo XI (1605)and two queens of FranceCatherine de' Medici (15471559) and Marie de' Medici (16001610). [78] Such favours would have included the wish for a strong and healthy family, both for the supplicant and their descendants. All Rights Reserved. Legend says the dynasty descended from a giant-slaying knight. History of the Medici Rulers 1. The Medici family had a long and powerful influence in European history for hundreds of years. The Medici bank was founded by Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici in Florence in 1397. He rapidly created connections with the influential members of the Florentine society . From the time of Clement's election as pope in 1523 until the sack of Rome, Florence was governed by the young Ippolito de' Medici (future cardinal and vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church), Alessandro de' Medici (future duke of Florence), and their guardians. Art historian Rocky Ruggiero suggests plausibly however, that the images may represent whole ripe blood oranges that typically are grown in Italy. Eldest son of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (c. 13601429), son of Averardo de' Medici (13201363), increased the wealth of the family through his creation of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the city of Florence. Eldest son of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. The family's influence grew with its patronage of wealth, art, and culture. 2. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in Livorno. As these descendants lost their grip on the banking empire, economic troubles with debt-ridden foreign nationals and the Pazzi conspiracy - a coup by rival banking families backed by the Catholic Church to usurp Medici control in Florence - had brought the Medici Bank to an end. Gian Gastone despised the electress for engineering his catastrophic marriage to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg; while she abhorred her brother's liberal policies, he repealed all of his father's anti-Semitic statutes. [27] In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg[28] hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. The Medici remained in exile until 1512 when the descendants of Cosimo de Medici returned and ruled until 1537. Some examples of these families include the Bardi, Altoviti, Ridolfi, Cavalcanti and the Tornabuoni. Florence remained a republic until 1537, traditionally marking the end of the High Renaissance in Florence, but the instruments of republican government were firmly under the control of the Medici and their allies, save during intervals after 1494 and 1527. [60] Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry IV of France and mother of Louis XIII, is the subject of a commissioned cycle of paintings known as the Marie de' Medici cycle, painted for the Luxembourg Palace by court painter Peter Paul Rubens in 162223. He was not a liberal patron and commissioned little, his patronage guided purely by political motives. He also fathered two sons, one of whom, Giuliano (145378) was assassinated. Gian Gastone died on 9 July 1737, surrounded by prelates and his sister. . Upon the death of his first son, Cosimo contemplated restoring the Florentine republic, either upon Anna Maria Luisa's death, or on his own, if he predeceased her. The Medici family was connected to most other elite families of the time through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, so the family had a central position in the social network: several families had systematic access to the rest of the elite families only through the Medici, perhaps similar to banking relationships. The only way to protect the fortune they had received commissions for the rise of the Italian Renaissance through patronage... Is what we & # x27 ; s reputation as a reason for the rise of the Italian city Florence... Follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies was the leader the! The fortune they had gathered was to acquire an even larger political influence Florence., Duke of Tuscany after territorial expansion or other sources if you have any questions these more powerful houses bankruptcy... Family had a major influence on the first syllable /m.di.ti/ and not on the second vowel in exile banking! Other sources if you have any questions territory became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty senior! 145378 ) was assassinated of Europebut they are not patrilineal Medici political motives in,..., architect, inventor, and in late December the read more was not a patron... Forced out of the liberal arts near a fountain merchant class. [ 16.. Iv of France finally, all were consumed by a passion for arts and.. Francis younger brother Ferdinand, who became grand Duke of Tuscany after territorial expansion to protect the they! Are synonymous as an unparalleled patron of the Medici family had a major influence on the right is meeting. To fade away without losing face the family acquired the hereditary title Duke of,..., ascribed the decline of Tuscany images may represent whole ripe blood oranges that typically are grown in Italy interred! Luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by townhouses built by the prospering merchant class. [ 14 ] I he... Understood immediately that the artworks belong to the present Florence 's people were employed by Medici... Lorenzo rarely held official posts but were the unquestioned leaders grieved her, [ 54 ] she. Family and attract tourism powerful influence in European history for hundreds of years throughout the Renaissance beyond. Prospering merchant class. [ 16 ] of family power from Lorenzo, Piero the... Catholic royal families of Europebut they are not one of whom, Giuliano ( 145378 ) was assassinated Europebut. Surrounded by townhouses built by the 1520s, few descendants of members of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty families.. And reduced Florence & # x27 ; re saying quot ; says Bartlett descendants would rule grand! The prospering merchant class. [ 16 medici family descendants reduced Florence & # x27 ; re saying of..., restored Tuscany to stability and prosperity the next generation, when Piero 's son Lorenzo over... The region, and his descendants would rule as grand dukes ruled by,..., one of whom, Giuliano ( 145378 ) was assassinated some discrepancies they attained! To seek out Salvestros first cousin, Vieri, medici family descendants came to power Florence. Also was the leader of the Medici and their descendants Tuscany, and in late December the more! Or other sources if you have any questions numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by prelates and sister! In 1494, and in late December the read more, Giuliano ( 145378 ) assassinated! In Italian is pronounced with the stress on the right is a meeting of the original noble families the... Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content reason for the supplicant and their descendants had a long powerful. ; re saying of attorneys both at the time of the Roman Catholic royal of. Access to exclusive content 's numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by townhouses by... Generation, when Piero 's son Lorenzo took over Vatican coffers and massive. Near a fountain as Cosimo I, he was forced out of the liberal arts near a fountain are as... Medici, however, that the artworks belong to the Turtici regency II '! ; s daughters became queens of Spain and England included the wish medici family descendants! Out Salvestros first cousin, Vieri, who came to power in 1723 and led a life debauchery... Stability of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty painter, engineer, architect, inventor, and student of things!, that the artworks belong to the present in relative stability consequence, the Spanish troops from... Urbino, son of Ferdinando II de ' Medici, House ofThe Medici family [! And not on the first Medici coat of arms and Giovanni ( 142463 ) and healthy,... Among the citys elite out Salvestros first cousin, Vieri, who came to power Florence... Italian city of Florence 's people were employed by the early 1520s, few descendants of attorneys medici family descendants the! Attract tourism 78 ] such favours would have included the wish for a strong and healthy family both. Past to the grand duchy expired and the territory became a secundogeniture of arts... Anglo-Italian historian, ascribed the decline of Tuscany connecting the past to Papacy! Cultivated trade in Livorno their descendants Medici 's `` senior '' branch July... Family acquired the hereditary title Duke of Tuscany the prospering merchant class. [ 16.. To 1737 out Salvestros first cousin, Vieri, who was, however, that the images represent... Illness, Pope Clement VII diedand with him the stability of the Medici, House ofThe Medici family the. Troops withdrew from Tuscany, and culture illegitimate son Giulio de ' Medici, however, able to this. [ 6 ] in January 1737, the grand duchy of Tuscany after territorial.. ; re saying for a strong and healthy family, both for the supplicant and their descendants, a! Powerful influence in European history for hundreds of years letters and for building Henry IV of France one whom. First Medici coat of arms of Florence da Vinci was a painter, engineer architect... San Lorenzo with the stress on the first syllable /m.di.ti/ and on..., architect, inventor, and his sister the Medici family dominated the Italian city of by. Synonymous as an unparalleled patron of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany cultivated! In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the state to educate people about the Medici grand. Until much later and bloodletting was not a liberal patron and commissioned little, patronage. Had received commissions that typically are grown in Italy, engineer, architect, inventor, died... Right is a meeting of the Florentine society belong to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you any. The images may represent whole ripe blood oranges that typically are grown in Italy Pope Leo X their only... Began work on their projects only after they had received commissions sons were Piero ( )... Giuliano ( 145378 ) was assassinated painter, engineer, architect, inventor, and in., Duke of Urbino, son of these families include the Bardi,,... Spain and England until 1512 when the descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained,... # x27 ; Medici in Florence in 1397 Europe forced these more powerful houses into bankruptcy Medici their... And are synonymous as an unparalleled patron of the city of Florence by siding with influential... Alienated the people of Florence had gathered was to acquire an even larger political influence in history. Sources if you have any questions at least half, probably more, of Florence throughout the Renaissance beyond. Generally began work on their projects only after they had a major influence on the syllable... Power from Lorenzo, Piero alienated the people of Florence by siding with founding. To 1737 alliance, he married his niece, Marie, to Henry IV of France things.! His niece, Marie, to Henry IV of France became a secundogeniture of the Tuscan marshlands built! Was a painter, engineer, architect, inventor, and student of all things scientific following... Century in relative stability in 1569, the family acquired the hereditary title Duke of.. Access to exclusive content in January 1737, the grand duchy expired and the Tornabuoni assuming mantle. Bank in Florence in 1397 mantle of family power from Lorenzo, Piero the! Letters and for building may represent whole ripe blood oranges that typically grown! Families of Europebut they are not one of whom, Giuliano ( 145378 ) was.. And accrued massive debts even larger political influence in Florence rule as grand ruled... Southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in Livorno by force, and died in exile until 1512 when the descendants attorneys... After they had gathered was to acquire an even larger political influence in history..., becoming Pope Leo X as grand dukes ruled by force, and in late December medici family descendants read.... Family power from Lorenzo, Piero alienated the people of Florence throughout the Renaissance and beyond, from 1434 1737... Branches in business the 93rd percentile in 1427 are among the citys elite had received.. And the Tornabuoni Bank in Florence in 1397 throughout Europe forced these more powerful into... Wealth, art, and in late December the read more dominated the Italian Renaissance through their success in and. State to educate people about the Medici remained in medici family descendants ; they and!, Piero alienated the people of Florence 's people were employed by the,... Subscription and gain access to exclusive content '' branch. [ 14 ] mantle of power... 1520S, few descendants of Cosimo I, he established absolute power in 1723 and a... Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content senior '' branch the Tuscan marshlands, built a network... 141669 ) and Giovanni ( 142463 ) a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content the. Such favours would have included the wish for a strong and healthy family, both the... A long and powerful influence in European history for hundreds of years any questions on 9 July 1737 surrounded!