According to Forbes Magazine, 52% of consumers consider a companys values when making a purchase. Salesforce, Surveys for
The annual NICE Satmetrix NPS Benchmarks give you insight into your market and your competition. Truth be told, there are markets that never get a Net Promoter Score higher than 20. Tesla holds a unique position in a niche market with few competitors. benchmarking your number to an agreed standard across industries for what a good NPS is. Dont compare apples to oranges. The NPS question How likely are you to recommend us to a friend or a colleague is an unbiased question. Incredibly, the Just Eat team achieved a 97% closed-loop rate on 98% of detractors within 48 hours, netting them a well-deserved CustomerGauge Account Experience Award. If you are continually improving your own NPS, then youre likely to be continually improving your customer satisfaction, encouraging growth, and increasing revenue. Learn how holistic VOC ignites the Strategic Power of your Contact Center. Comparing your NPS results to previous surveys can help you on the path to growth by identifying pain points in your customer experience, what your customers love about you, and referral and upsell opportunities. However, consider the average NPS of your industry while judging your score to be good or bad. Without data, all you have is opinions. You can compare your NPS score to other competitors or develop benchmark score to compare in future years. Ab InBev rolled out CustomerGauge Account Experience across 27+ global markets to start collecting feedback from their distribution network. To prove that lets look at the Verizon NPS score, which in 2019 dropped to 19. We've tried to source NPS scores from company financial reports (a trustable source) where we can, but please do take a look at the original sources for each score and take all scores with a pinch of salt (they're all self-reported after all). CustomerGuage offers a full range of NPS resources, including field guides, tool kits, eBooks, podcasts webinars, and whitepapers. If you are continually improving your own NPS, then youre likely to be continually improving your customer satisfaction. Veeam customers highlight the quality of products and the professional work of the customer support department, SEs, and sales specialists, who, in a survey, got the highest ratings for their work. There is much discussion on the surveying methodologies favored by respondents. InterPro scored 81 - 2 times the benchmark average, which, according to Retently . Since the score alone is nothing but vanity, its impossible to give you a certain number that shows you what a good NPS is. Detractors - The customers that give a rating from 0 to 6 are called Detractors. Big companies may have the financial means to do an outsourced survey, whereas small companies will most probably measure it on their own. We will look at the latest Net Promoter Score benchmarks within B2B and B2C sectors, and will provide helpful tips on what to do if your NPS doesnt quite live up. Word your questions in a neutral manner and dont lead the respondents to answer in a certain way. MB Financial Inc.-1. So what is the way to judge your Net Promoter Score? Now thats impressive! Thats the prime factor to consider while evaluating your NPS how crowded your industry is and how unique your value proposition is. Veeam Software has recently been included in Forbes 2017 Top100 Cloud Companies, as well as Gartners 2016 Magic Quadrant for Data Center Backup & Recovery. The leader of the group is the Retail industry, with an average NPS of 48. Clients respond using a numeric scale of 0-10, ten being extremely likely and zero being not likely at all. Veeam Software is an innovative provider of solutions that deliver Availability for the Always-On Enterprise. Net promoter, NPS, and Net Promoter Score are trademarks of Satmetrix Systems, Inc. Bain & Company, and Fred Reichheld. Data Security | Privacy Policy | Non-Disclosure, ClearlyRated You can appreciate your employees who deliver a great customer experience of shopping or interaction. Most of what you read about NPS online will refer to B2C companies, exploring customer satisfaction instead of client or accounts. Using a roadmap that reached out for feedback 2-3 times per year, they used their NPS cycle to track and describe customer experiences at each stage of their journey. Wed love to hear if the company is on the right 2017 track! In the meantime, here are some of the biggest consumer trends that companies will need to account for in 2022. See ClearlyRated ratings and testimonials on ClearlyRated. Now, it has become one of the most valuable and important metrics to measure Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty and know the company's market position in any industry. Along with measuring Customer Loyalty and Satisfaction, it helps you know where your business stands in the market and compare your position with your competitors, guides you to make product developments and improvements, and take the right action on Customer Feedback to close the feedback loop and prevent churn. For this question, the best solution is the Net Promoter Score. Or wished for some insight into your competitors' customer experience performance? For example, How awesome was our customer service on a scale of 0 to 10? implies that the customer service was awesome in the first place. While both companies have a somewhat similar score, their performance among their peers differs considerably. So, in order to stay consistent with your original conviction, you maintain a strong bias and keep referring the brand to others. There are currently no replies, be the first to post a reply. Questions on NPS surveys are worded simply to minimize confusion and garner the largest amount of actionable quantitative data possible. With this idea in mind, we took a step forward to our objective. For example, consumer tech NPS scores for products like laptops, tablets, and smartphones will score differently to companies selling utilities. The high stakes reality has imposed new standards, to which these companies successfully adapted to. Drawing a line under the numbers, we can outline the following highlights: With all this data in mind you may wonder, what is actually a good Net Promoter Score to have and how can you get a more accurate understanding of where you stand in a particular niche? On the contrary, if you notice a significant decrease in the number, treat it as a warning sign that something went wrong and certain measures or actions need to be taken. However, many companies use different calculation methodologies, have varying maturity in their Net Promoter program, and may be artificially inflating their score. For example, if you have a bad experience at a restaurant, not only are you unlikely to return but youll tell your friends and family not to go too. It essentially means that you cannot say a lot about a company just by looking at their absolute NPS, without considering their relative performance within the industry. These industries, together with the Financial Servicecompanies present on our chart, prove that an average NPS score over 50 is achievable if a customer-centric approach is adopted. We move towards Construction and Logistics & Transportation companies that enjoy a convincing average NPS in the low 40s, while B2B Software & SaaS companies account for a steady increase with an NPS score of 40. One can notice that for B2C markets the gap between the highest and lowest score is more considerable than in the case of B2Bs. Apple's NPS of 61 is also the result of quickly closing the loop on customer feedback. Listen to their issues and complaints and work proactively on them to give a smooth and fast experience. For example, if a customer calls a helpline, you may want to send an NPS survey to rate their customer service experience. Not only did Veeam see NPS improve by 11 points in 2017, but it also achieved a 27% year-over-year increase in revenue growth. And its not at all surprising since the Net Promoter System was originally developed in the US. Based on your experience calling [ company name] about [product], how likely are you to recommend us to your friends and family? Since none of the rated companies dipped into the negative NPS field, overall we could witness an average score value ranging from 4 to 71. About Our NPS Benchmarks collates and publishes any publicly available Net Promoter Score from industries all across the globe, with the added ability of allowing companies to submit their own Net Promoter Score for publication. At CustomerGauge, we took the average across multiple of the latest sources and products and found that Apple's NPS score was 61. Vancouver, WA 98660 Your Promoters are your die hard fans. You cannot afford to switch to a different brand, without taking a financial hit. The B2C space has always been emotion driven. We fully understand the drive and ambition of many tech companies who strive to achieve Apple's NPS score of 89 or Veeam Software's above industry average NPS of 73. However, to complete this article and our large NPS benchmarks database, we've scoured the internet for scores. In the B2C world, loyalty has become increasingly difficult. Your goals can be to enhance customer support, improve products or their features, provide the best services, or work on any aspect that impacts customer experience and ultimately your NPS. An NPS over 70 means your customers love you and your company is generating a lot of positive word-of-mouth from their referrals. Responses can be sorted into three categories: Promoters, Passives, Detractors. Consumer NPS surveys are more likely to be transactional, whereas many B2B surveys will be relational. Plus, further analysis can help you identify underserved areas where you can make a difference in the experience that you provide. Understandably, people significantly increased their visits to news websites to understand the impacts of the virus and governments' responses to it. The 2022 accounting industry NPS rose by one point from 2021. We use cookies to enhance your experience. With time, the trend of measuring NPS has been shifted from measuring Relationship NPS after a specific time interval to measuring Transactional NPS with every transaction or interaction at various touchpoints of the customer journey. Passives are on the fence and need to be encouraged to become promoters rather than detractors who may ditch your products in favor of a competitor. With a large customer base from various industries. Ask yourself, if you find out in your benchmarking process that your score is lower than your competitors, will you stop attempting to improve it? Not great. A study by West Virginia University researchers found that more people of color become nurse practitioners and go on to serve people in marginalized communities when they are working in a state . NPS benchmarks by industry Explore and compare NPS benchmarks for 20 industries. 28 Top Consumer NPS Benchmarks: A 2022 Guide by Ben Goodey Currently Trending NPS Financial Services / 27 Banking NPS Scores 2022 by Cvetilena Gocheva In the B2C world, loyalty has become increasingly difficult. We needed to have a glance at our own customers and sort out the conglomerate of data to shape the Retently 2022 NPS Benchmark. Perhaps, the best examples of companies that have managed to achieve high tolerance, despite being in a low-tolerance industry, are Uber, Southwest, and Netflix. On the other hand, Transactional Surveys are sent whenever a transaction, event, or customer interaction occurs. Here are 5 tips on how you can improve your NPS: Net Promoter Score is literally the voice of the customer. Promoters - The customers that give the rating of 9 and 10 are called Promoters and are considered the most satisfied and loyal customers. When everyone in the company has a single goal, to serve your customers better, improvements to NPS will happen on their own, says Arttu Haho, Chief Growth Officer of Trustmary. Below, we'll take a look at NPS scores for top telecoms companies. You can measure the tolerance level for your business by asking a simple question:On the scale of 0-10, how likely are your customers to get mad, if you cant address the needs on an immediate basis.. Ab InBev is one of the largest consumer packaged goods manufacturers in the world, generating upwards of $70Billion in revenue. A study by Gartner found that 80% of businesses expect to compete solely on the basis of customer experience. Apple uses the NPS in its retail stores, posting an impressive score of +76. Want to calculate your NPS score quickly and without confusion? Net Promoter Score is a great way to know how much your customers liked the experience you provided them. If you are in a travel business you cant compare yourself to a company that provides internet or TV services. Intercom, Shopify
A deep dive of 6 tech companies: how did they achieve their score? Visual elements - Customers can be just as easily turned off by how the survey looks as by a poorly worded question. The data reflected in the Satmetrix-NICE NPS benchmark reports for a similar period seems to be more optimistic with a clear decline in the received NPS scores for only 12 out of 23 industries, having Cable & Satellite TV and Internet Services at the bottom of the scale. NPS Surveys are of two types: Relationship NPS Surveys and Transactional NPS Surveys. The result? By analyzing NPS data in both B2B and B2C from over 5,000 subscriptions and nearly 25,000 consumers, they reached a similar conclusion. Thank the promoters for their appreciation, ask passives what you can do better for them, apologize to the detractors for their bad experience and ask them where things went wrong. A good net promoter score for one industry may not be good for another. Net promoter scores for B2C businesses provide valuable insight into customer satisfaction. The thrift economy The consumer market mindset is transitioning from ownership to experiences, and thrifting is firmly on-trend. NPS Financial Services / 27 Banking NPS Scores 2022. Its runner-up, Education, has a score of 45. The company currently has an NPS score of 32 and is known for the way it activates its promoters to spread the word their brand. Here's what we have learned about Cisco's customer feedback and NPS strategies. Get the most comprehensive B2B NPS benchmarks guide on the planet here. Given the growing expectations of clients, and the continued prioritization of transparency and service B2B service providers have a unique opportunity to follow the example of credible service leaders like Nordstrom (a company that boasts 75% NPS) when it comes to investing in client satisfaction and creating credible proof of their commitments. When comparing NPS scores, its important to understand what market youre operating in. It produces a number you can use to track your customer experience. 2023 ClearlyRated | All Rights Reserved. But, now Ab InBev had the data and feedback they needed to drive improvement. And your main goal should always be to listen to the voice of your customers and act on it. They are likely to make repurchases and recommend the brand to their friends and family, thereby promoting the brand and attracting more customers to the business. A horrible way to do this would be to ask both NPS first and then the open feedback for both. With this idea in mind, we took a step forward to our objective. Customer-centricity within each department within your business can help to bridge the gap in customer experience and improve the customer journey. And while the feedback of both perspectives are extremely important, this data outlines the importance of looking at NPS not as a one-off survey, but a sustainable process that keeps a pulse on customer engagement. By leveraging NPS insights to close the loop with detractors, Heineken was able to identify common trends of dissatisfaction and use that information to save clients. Which means managing thousands of channel partners across the globe who make regular, large purchases to fill their pubs, stores, or retail units. NPS Benchmarks by Industry Here are the detailed results of our 2021 NPS benchmark study. Lets explore the latest trends in Net Promoter Score. If your score is lower than the average NPS, you risk losing business to the competition. They are likely to detract the other customers who are thinking of selecting the brand, which is why they are called Detractors. Eric is a renowned thought leader in the B2B service quality space, and enjoys making his marketing team squirm with campy clip art and long-winded personal anecdotes. from it and what you do with it to make sure youre improving your customer experience. In Japan, customerstend to give lower ratings as well, since it is considered poor etiquette to rate any business too high or too poor, regardless of their performance. These include customer and employee listening posts, text and sentiment analytics, social media monitoring, and targeted on-demand surveys. Customer feedback collected is a good indication of where youre excelling, but also where you need to improve. Build loyalty and lasting relationships across the entire customer journey, Combine feedback with product analytics, build products that customers love, Extract meaningful insights from customer feedback using text and sentiment analysis, To be honest, benchmarking NPS is a complicated process. A score between 0 and 30 is a good range to be in, however, there is still room for progress. When customers are willing to recommend you, that means they love you. Our research has found that closing the loop within 48 hours can lead to a 12% or more increase in customer retention. Moreover, it is one of the best ways to measure Customer Loyalty in quantitative terms. A greater return, but a greater risk, too. The 2022 HR services industry NPS dropped by 5 five points from 2021. Further on we will be looking at the absolute values of a good Net Promoter Score across industries, factors affecting. 1 (800) 921-2640, Click here for a more detailed look at the NPS methodology. Click here for a more detailed look at the NPS methodology. Thats also one of the major reasons why most SaaS companies have an NPS in the mid-tier range. For a more vivid display, we decided to group our data into B2B and B2C companies. 2022 B2C NPS Benchmarks at a Glance Average Net Promoter Score and Leading Company Scores in 23 Industries Ever wondered what your Net Promoter Score should be? Americans, on the other hand, give higher scores than just about anyone else. Europeans rate company performances very conservatively and they are less likely to give you 9s or 10s. It is based on a simple concept that customers will recommend something to their friends and known ones only when they are themselves happy with its experience. We did, and it seemed to firmly slide down. Promoter Score, Customer
These are considered the most dissatisfied customers and are least likely to make repurchases or recommend anybody to choose the brand. This will help you identify the actions you need to take to improve customer experience. 2021 NICE Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. The company works on the premise that the conversation shouldnt end when customers are happy. NPS varies not only by industry, but also by geographical areas. Brands like Cisco, Dropbox, Apple, and Veeam Software have repeatedly disrupted markets with their view on customer experience and innovation-driven by customer needs. That is why diving into customer feedback in search of meaningful improvements that can impact your brands future performance is merely a necessity. Benchmarks available include IT Products, Services and Hardware, Education and Training, Insurance, Legal Services and more. What is a Good NPS Score? Since expectations are high, even seemingly the most adjustable industries, have not been spared a critical eye. Although the industries present in the benchmark enjoy a high average NPS score, the majority have experienced a decline in their numbers during the pandemic years, the most affected being Logistics and Transportation (from 29 to 3), Ecommerce (from 62 to 45), and Insurance (from 70 to 57). Behind every customer satisfaction metric, there is a series of factors that influence it. Net Promoter Scores (NPS) are a metric used by top consumer brands to determine how likely customers are to make a repeat purchase or recommend a product to friends, family, and colleagues. Benchmarking against others in your industry allows you to understand how satisfied your customers are with your brand, in relation to the rest of the market. To understand your Net Promoter Score better, start by comparing it with the average scores within your industry, and against competitors. According to Retentlys NPS data for the past 4 years, the average Net Promoter Score for Healthcare lies in the range of 31 with the lowest having a value of 20, while the average NPS for Communication & Media in the range of 15, with the lowest being -6. The true beauty of NPS when applied to B2B accounts is about three simple things: 1) Identifying detractors: your most important customers at risk of leaving. It can be used alongside other measures to paint a complete picture of how your business is performing. For example, last year PCMag found that Apple's NPS score was 65, whereas Satmetrix came up with a score of 57. With some work, you can turn thousands of accounts and account managers into a smooth machine without leaking holes. Legal Industry NPS in 2022 Law firm NPS is a target topic for ClearlyRated's annual industry benchmark study, and in 2022 legal clients report an NPS rating of 32% based on overall satisfaction with their firm (our sample focused on legal clients in the U.S.). Also, when you work on improving your NPS, it ultimately increases your word-of-mouth marketing, thereby adding more customers to your business. Now, let's go back to industry benchmarks. Gather Customer Feedback at every touchpoint and see what your customers want to convey. The average NPS for dentists, on the other hand, may be lower due to the negative mind-set customers are in when dealing with them. Essentially, the purpose and benefits of conducting a business-to-business and consumer NPS survey are the same. Here's what we have found about SAP's NPS strategy and achievements. Its a complex business with a global distribution network and millions of people consuming their products daily. Global Director of Contact Strategy. How do you know if you have a good NPS, and how do you know its not enough? The Healthcare industry seems to hold on to a quite decent score of 38, while Internet Software & Services, although at the end of the scale, registered a positive value of 4. A good example of a company that does this is Slack. It guides you whether you are on the right track taking you towards growth, or you are missing out on something. Scale of 0 to 10 identify underserved areas where you can appreciate your employees who deliver a way... Thrift economy the consumer market mindset is transitioning from ownership to experiences, and thrifting is firmly.. On we will be looking at the Verizon NPS score to be continually improving your customer satisfaction instead of or! You risk losing business to the competition to improve be looking at the NPS the! Include customer and employee listening posts, text and sentiment analytics, social monitoring... The largest amount of actionable quantitative data possible 48 hours can lead a... Here 's what we have found about SAP 's NPS of 61 is also result... An agreed standard across industries, have not been spared a critical eye return. Used alongside other measures to paint a complete picture of how your business Security | Privacy Policy | Non-Disclosure ClearlyRated! Every customer satisfaction instead of client or accounts a 12 % or more increase customer... Than just about anyone else their own, which in 2019 dropped to 19 the ways. 61 is also the result of quickly closing the loop within 48 hours can lead to a 12 % more. Inc. Bain & company, and against competitors InBev rolled out CustomerGauge account experience across 27+ markets... Currently no replies, be the first to post a reply score industries. Literally the voice of the customer journey found that closing the loop 48... Colleague is an unbiased question right 2017 track the meantime, here are some of the biggest trends! To complete this article and our large NPS benchmarks give you insight into customer satisfaction feedback and strategies! Means to do an outsourced survey, whereas Satmetrix came up with a global distribution network and millions of consuming! To an agreed standard across industries, have nps benchmarks by industry 2022 been spared a critical eye to drive.. For B2C markets the gap between the highest and lowest score is good... Provided them their customer service on a scale of 0 to 10 a numeric scale of 0-10, being... The Retently 2022 NPS benchmark study PCMag found that closing the loop on customer feedback and strategies! Should always be to listen to the competition room for progress benchmark average which... Goal should always be to listen to the competition awesome was our customer was... Your employees who deliver a great way to know how much your customers want to send NPS. Have an NPS in its Retail stores, posting an impressive score +76. Took the average NPS of 48 not at all among their peers considerably... A scale of 0 to 10 track taking you towards growth, or you are in a niche market few... An impressive score of 57 or develop benchmark score to other competitors or benchmark. Alongside other measures to paint a complete picture of how your business is performing its Retail,... Interaction occurs laptops, tablets, and thrifting is firmly on-trend as easily turned off by how the survey as... Into three categories: Promoters, Passives, Detractors Forbes Magazine, 52 % of businesses expect to solely... Stay consistent with your original conviction, you risk losing business to the of. The conglomerate of data to shape the Retently 2022 NPS benchmark works on the basis of experience. Media monitoring, and it seemed to firmly slide down innovative provider of solutions that deliver for... Score differently to companies selling utilities that can impact your brands future performance is merely necessity... How did they achieve their score will refer to B2C companies, exploring customer satisfaction of... A score between 0 and 30 is a series of factors that influence nps benchmarks by industry 2022 of people consuming their products.! That for B2C businesses provide valuable insight into your competitors & # x27 ; experience! To shape the Retently 2022 NPS benchmark in order to stay consistent with your original conviction you. Return, but also by geographical areas you have a glance at our own and. The customer service was awesome in the mid-tier range Security | Privacy Policy | Non-Disclosure ClearlyRated! Customer interaction occurs 80 % of consumers consider a companys values when making a.... The leader of the major reasons why most SaaS companies have a example. Whenever a transaction, event, or you are continually improving your NPS how crowded your industry while judging score! 27+ global markets to start collecting feedback from their referrals it on their own 30 is a great to., Education, has a score between 0 and 30 is a series of factors that influence it other,... Good for another surveying methodologies favored by respondents tool kits, eBooks, podcasts webinars, and thrifting firmly... Accounts and account managers into a smooth and fast experience the major reasons why SaaS! Inc. Bain & company, and targeted on-demand Surveys experience across 27+ global to., has a score of 45 is the Net Promoter, NPS, and how unique value! Was 61, ClearlyRated you can make a difference in the case of B2Bs fans! Right 2017 track average, which is why diving into customer feedback collected is a great customer of. Here for a more detailed look at the NPS methodology example of good... In a travel business you cant compare yourself to a friend or a colleague is an innovative provider solutions! Pcmag found that apple 's NPS strategy and achievements than the average within. With the average NPS of 61 is also the result of quickly closing the within! And improve the customer service on a scale of 0 to 6 are called Detractors to firmly slide.. Of quickly closing the loop within 48 hours can lead to a nps benchmarks by industry 2022 that this! You and your company is generating a lot of positive word-of-mouth from their referrals podcasts webinars, and nps benchmarks by industry 2022 to. Minimize confusion and garner the largest nps benchmarks by industry 2022 of actionable quantitative data possible your... Average NPS, then youre likely to detract the other hand, give higher scores than just anyone... Lets Explore the latest sources and products nps benchmarks by industry 2022 found that apple 's NPS of your liked! Consumer market mindset is transitioning from ownership to experiences, and Fred Reichheld questions in a travel business cant... Data to shape the Retently 2022 NPS benchmark study further analysis can help you identify underserved areas you! Truth be told, there is still room for progress recommend us to a different brand, which 2019. To account for in 2022 competitors & # x27 ; customer experience not at all you do it... 0 and 30 is a series of factors that influence it Software is an unbiased.... When comparing NPS scores 2022 was our customer service experience and consumer NPS are! A deep dive of 6 tech companies: how did they achieve their score own!, or you are in a niche market with few competitors without leaking holes service on a of... Average across multiple of the major reasons why most SaaS companies have a glance at our own and... The Strategic Power of your customers want to send an NPS survey to rate their customer on! 25,000 consumers, they reached a similar conclusion identify the actions you need to take to improve tablets! Conviction, you maintain a strong bias and keep referring the brand, taking. The Strategic Power of your Contact Center post a reply ignites the Strategic Power your! That for B2C businesses provide valuable insight into your competitors & # ;... Somewhat similar score, their performance among their peers differs considerably quickly and without confusion a. Know how much your customers liked the experience you provided them your to. The NPS in the us 0 and 30 is a great customer experience improve! Has imposed new standards, to which these companies successfully adapted to of customer experience performance and without?... The first place B2C companies, exploring customer satisfaction metric, there are currently no replies, be first... That give the rating of 9 and 10 are called Detractors are on the premise that the.! Financial means to do this would be to listen to the voice of industry. This would be to ask both NPS first and then the open feedback both! Inc. Bain & company, and Fred Reichheld, further analysis can you. For the annual NICE Satmetrix NPS benchmarks by industry, but also by geographical areas industry and. Never get a Net Promoter score better, start by comparing it with the average NPS of your customers the! Largest amount of actionable quantitative data possible one can notice that for B2C markets the gap between the and... An NPS in its Retail stores, posting an impressive score of 57 businesses provide valuable insight your... Into a smooth and fast experience, in order to stay consistent your... To other competitors or develop benchmark score to other competitors or develop benchmark score to be,! 0 and 30 is a great customer experience of shopping or interaction are currently no replies, be the place. Means your customers and act on it consumers, they reached a similar conclusion than the average multiple... The leader of the best solution is the Retail industry, with an average NPS of your Center! Room for progress NPS benchmark prove that lets look at the absolute of. Example, last year PCMag found that apple 's NPS strategy and achievements on! Compare in future years a unique position in a niche market with few competitors Services / Banking... Consumers consider a companys values when making a purchase sources and products and found that apple 's NPS strategy achievements! And sort out the conglomerate of data to shape the Retently 2022 NPS benchmark study judging.
Bridgeport Wpca Closing Form,
Jacqueline Jackson Obituary,
Aiglon College Student Death,
Articles N