[439] As a result, the preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led since December 18, 2017, by Richard Wagner, the chief justice of Canada. [20], The first inhabitants of North America are generally hypothesized to have migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 14,000 years ago. Other popular professional competitions include the Canadian Football League, National Lacrosse League, the Canadian Premier League, and the various curling tournaments sanctioned and organized by Curling Canada. [315] This mostly pays for services not covered or partially covered by Medicare, such as prescription drugs, dentistry and optometry. [180], Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchythe monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. [310][311] It is guided by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of 1984[312] and is universal. ", "The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy? Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: The practice of religion is generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state. Stanley Park. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition. Although the Constitution of Canada refers to God and the monarch carries the title of "Defender of the Faith", Canada has no official church, and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism. In addition, Canada is the single largest foreign supplier of energy to the United States. [261], Since the early 20th century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an urbanized, industrial one. [88], The Great Depression in Canada during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country. [298] The main drivers of population growth are immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. [458] Government support programs, such as the Canada Music Fund, assist a wide range of musicians and entrepreneurs who create, produce and market original and diverse Canadian music. [380] With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,[381] Canada has become a post-Christian, secular state. [34] First Nations and Mtis peoples played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting European coureur des bois and voyageurs in their explorations of the continent during the North American fur trade. [389][390] Rates of religious adherence are steadily decreasing. [156] Canada's 18 UNESCO Biosphere Reserves cover a total area of 235,000 square kilometres (91,000sqmi). [464] "The Maple Leaf Forever", written in 1866, was a popular patriotic song throughout English Canada and for many years served as an unofficial national anthem. Its advanced economy is the eighth-largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858). [64] New arrivals included refugees escaping the Great Irish Famine as well as Gaelic-speaking Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances. Stanley Park. [202] The Statute of Westminster, 1931 granted full autonomy, and the Constitution Act, 1982 ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. [403] As a whole, Canada is in theory a cultural mosaic of regional ethnic subcultures. [456], Canadian music reflects a variety of regional scenes. [454] The Group of Seven were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. ", "The Governor General of Canada: Roles and Responsibilities", "House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions", "The Opposition in a Parliamentary System", "Government and Canada's 41st Parliament: Questions and Answers", "Difference between Canadian Provinces and Territories", "Differences from Provincial Governments", "Keeping Canada and Our Communities Safe and Secure", Aboriginal roundtable on Kelowna Accord: Aboriginal policy negotiations 20042006, "Plans at a glance and operating context", "Millennium Development Goals: A sprint to 2015 and the way forward", "Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada", "Russia claims North Pole with Arctic flag stunt", "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "More soldiers, ships and planes for military in Liberal defence plan", "Evolution of the world's 25 top trading nations Share of global exports of goods (%), 19782020", United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, "Who owns whom? Canada, the second largest country in the world in area (after Russia), occupying roughly the northern two-fifths of the continent of North America. See the State Departments travel website for the Worldwide Caution and Travel Advisories. Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. Education in both English and French is available in most places across Canada. [326][327] The Commonwealth Fund's 2021 report comparing the healthcare systems of the 11 most developed countries ranked Canada second-to-last. [366] Although more than 82 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations in New Brunswick, Alberta, and Manitoba; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec. Virtual Tour Schedule a Tour. [117], In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the Libyan Civil War,[118] and also became involved in battling the Islamic State insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s. It is dominated by old-growth forest with over 2,400 lakes and 1,200 kilometres of streams and rivers. Ontario. [200], The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. [463], Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding Canadian Confederation by over 50 years. [14] The government of Louis St. Laurent ended the practice of using Dominion in the statutes of Canada in 1951. [449] The nature of Canadian art reflects these diverse origins, as artists have taken their traditions and adapted these influences to reflect the reality of their lives in Canada. [307] About four-fifths of the population lives within 150 kilometres (93mi) of the border with the contiguous United States. WebApply to travel, study, work or immigrate to Canada, apply for citizenship, a permanent resident card or refugee protection, check the status of your application or find a form. [185] The monarch appoints a representative, the governor general, with the advice of the prime minister to carry out most of their federal royal duties in Canada. Learn about labour mobility between provinces and territories. [461] The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada's music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which were first awarded in 1970. ", "2015 federal budget 'disappointing' for post-secondary students: CFS", "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019: Canada", "Government expenditure on education as% of GDP (%)", "Financial and human resources invested in Education", "Comparing countries' and economies' performances", "Canadian education among best in the world: OECD", "Canada Student performance (PISA 2015)", "The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity", "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts", "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Total Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households 25% sample data", "The Daily The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity", "The Daily Indigenous population continues to grow and is much younger than the non-Indigenous population, although the pace of growth has slowed", "Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market", "The Daily Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians", "2021 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration", Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, "2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights", Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, "Indigenous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets? [367] New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. [132][133] There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies, the Coast Mountains and the Arctic Cordillera. Canada is also bounded by the Arctic Ocean to the north, by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. [430] By the 1990s, Canadian literature was viewed as some of the world's best. Ottawa is its capital and Toronto is its largest city. [264][271] Atlantic Canada possesses vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. A booster dose can help strengthen our protection against severe forms of COVID-19 Report a problem or thng tin) cn gi l Gia N i) l quc gia c din tch ln th hai trn th gii, v nm cc bc ca Bc M. [134] Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. [24][25] Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations. [293] Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's Space Shuttle. [378], The "Fundamental Freedoms" section of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states:[379]. [322][323], In 2021, the Canadian Institute for Health Information reported that healthcare spending reached $308billion, or 12.7 percent of Canada's GDP for that year. In my time at Caada College, I had the amazing opportunity to grow as a leader. [142] Although Canada has a low percentage of endemic species compared to other countries,[143] due to human activities, invasive species and environmental issues in the country, there are currently more than 800 species at risk of being lost. [219][220] The strategy of the Canadian government's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Millennium Development Goals, while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises. With an area of 9,984,670 square km, it is the worlds second-largest country by total area, falling behind Russia, and just beating out China and the United States. [354], Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021, approximately 25.4 million reported being "White", representing 69.8percent of the population. Canada's land area is 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles). [318] Just over 60,000 children are homeschooled in the country as of 2016. [95], Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the Maple Leaf Flag in 1965,[96] the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969,[97] and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971. [99], Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the UK's Canada Act 1982, the patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The country's head of government is the prime minister, who holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons, and is appointed by the governor general, representing the monarch of Canada, the head of state. [74] Between 1871 and 1896, almost one quarter of the Canadian population emigrated south to the U.S.[75], To open the West and encourage European immigration, Parliament approved sponsoring the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the Canadian Pacific Railway), opening the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act, and establishing the North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory. [264], Canada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. After a tumultuous first two seasons on the job, Matt Canada will return as the Pittsburgh Steelers' offensive coordinator in 2023, according to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. [164][165], At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two relatively centrist parties practising "brokerage politics",[a] the centre-left leaning Liberal Party of Canada and the centre-right leaning Conservative Party of Canada (or its predecessors). [275], In 2019, Canada spent approximately $40.3billion on domestic research and development, of which over $7billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments. [49] Among the colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. Canada is part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations, NATO, G7, Group of Ten, G20, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization (WTO), Commonwealth of Nations, Arctic Council, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and Organization of American States. "[314] Around 30percent of Canadians' healthcare is paid for through the private sector. Last updated on October 19th, 2022. The minister of finance and minister of innovation, science and industry use the Statistics Canada agency for financial planning and economic policy development. [67] The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. [129] Canada is also home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Islandlatitude 82.5Nwhich lies 817 kilometres (508mi) from the North Pole. [328] Identified weaknesses were comparatively higher infant mortality rate, the prevalence of chronic conditions, long wait times, poor availability of after-hours care, and a lack of prescription drugs and dental coverage. [42] French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent year-round European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608). The same poster in English, with subtle differences in text. [181][182][183][184] The reigning monarch is KingCharles III, who is also monarch of 14 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's 10 provinces. [111] In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation. [54] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. [237], In 2001, Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the U.S. stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-led International Security Assistance Force. WebCanada is a vast and rugged land. WebFind out what document you need to travel, visit family and friends, do business, or transit through Canada, and how to extend your stay. Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. The Province of Canada (or the United Province of Canada or the United Canadas) was a British colony in British North America from 1841 to 1867. They were joined briefly by Frank Johnston and by commercial artist Franklin Carmichael. [232][233] During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in cooperation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union. Its land reaches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. [57] More importantly, the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self-administration at a time when the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule. Despite Canadas great size, it is one of the worlds most sparsely populated countries. [212] Most notably, a series of eleven treaties known as the Numbered Treaties were signed between the Indigenous peoples and the reigning monarch of Canada between 1871 and 1921. [210], Canadian Aboriginal law provides certain constitutionally recognized rights to land and traditional practices for Indigenous groups in Canada. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s C (70s F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30C (77 to 86F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40C (104F). [36] From the late 18th century, European Canadians forced Indigenous peoples to assimilate into a western culture. [336] Established in 1663, Universit Laval is the oldest post-secondary institution in Canada. [422][423] Canadian coins feature many of these symbols: the loon on the $1 coin, the Arms of Canada on the 50 piece, and the beaver on the nickel. It is the second largest country in the world, but it has only one-half of one percent of the world's population. [294] Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST. From east to west it stretches almost 4,700 miles (7,560 kilometers) across six time zones. Its land reaches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. [364] Canada's federal government practices official bilingualism, which is applied by the commissioner of official languages in consonance with section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the federal Official Languages Act. [135], Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. [369], Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. [216] Canada's foreign policy based on international peacekeeping and security is carried out through coalitions and international organizations, and through the work of numerous federal institutions. [120] In 2021, the remains of hundreds of Indigenous people were discovered near the former sites of Canadian Indian residential schools. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's current and previous flags, and on the Arms of Canada. [265] The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965 opened Canada's borders to trade in the automobile manufacturing industry. WebCanada - CBC News. With an area of 9,984,670 square km, it is the worlds second-largest country by total area, falling behind Russia, and just beating out China and the United States. Though referred to as having seven members, five artistsLawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, and Frederick Varleywere responsible for articulating the group's ideas. [242] Canada's total military expenditure is expected to reach $32.7billion by 2027. The delay underscored Canada's independence. Canada holds the third largest oil reserves after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, and is the only non-OPEC member in the top five. [92], The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union. [69], Following several constitutional conferences, the British North America Act 1867 officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. In all, over a million Canadians served in the armed forces during World War II and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded. [309] Life expectancy is 81.1 years. In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). [70][71] Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Mtis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870. [453], Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as painter Tom Thomson and by the Group of Seven. [98] Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions. A highly developed country, Canada has the 24th highest nominal per capita income globally and the fifteenth-highest ranking on the Human Development Index. TORONTO - Canadas mens basketball team will play exhibition games against Spain and Argentina this summer in preparation for the 2023 FIBA World Cup. From east to west it stretches almost 4,700 miles (7,560 kilometers) across six time zones. In 2006, the average age in Canada was 39.5 years;[317] it rose to 42.4 years by 2018[318] before falling slightly to 41.9 in 2021. The border of Canada with the US is the longest bi-national land border in the world. [195], Canadian federalism divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. Despite Canadas great size, it is one of the worlds most sparsely populated countries. [215], Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in international affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral solutions. [349], The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian[c] (accounting for 15.6percent of the population), followed by English (14.7percent), Irish (12.1percent), Scottish (12.1percent), French (11.0percent), German (8.1percent), Chinese (4.7percent), Italian (4.3percent), Indian (3.7percent), and Ukrainian (3.5percent). [268] The Canada United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include Mexico in 1994 (later replaced by the CanadaUnited StatesMexico Agreement). Learn about Canadas response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [235] As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas such as health and child care; the provinces can opt out of these cost-share programs but rarely do so in practice. [413] Canadian humour is an integral part of the Canadian identity and is reflected in its folklore, literature, music, art, and media. [100][101][102] Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country, although the monarch is retained as sovereign. [427] This progressed into three major themes that can be found within historical Canadian literature: nature, frontier life, and Canada's position within the world, all three of which tie into the garrison mentality. [150] Canada's first National Park, Banff National Park established in 1885, spans 6,641 square kilometres (2,564sqmi)[151] of mountainous terrain, with many glaciers and ice fields, dense coniferous forest, and alpine landscapes. WebLearn about Canadas response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Banff National Park. Christians, representing 53.3percent of the population in 2021, are followed by people reporting irreligion or having no religion at 34.6percent. COVID-19 in Canada. In my time at Caada College, I had the amazing opportunity to grow as a leader. Sell your goods or services to the government [319] A 2016 report by the chief public health officer found that 88percent of Canadians, one of the highest proportions of the population among G7 countries, indicated that they "had good or very good health". [108], In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. 49,871. [109][110] A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. [72] British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871 on the promise of a transcontinental railway extending to Victoria in the province within 10 years,[73] while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873. [270], Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy. [58] It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there, staving off the growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies. [339], According to a 2019 report by the OECD, Canada is one of the most educated countries in the world;[340] the country ranks first worldwide in the percentage of adults having tertiary education, with over 56 percent of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree. [377] Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right, allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference. [444] In an effort to reduce the amount of foreign-made media, government interventions in television broadcasting can include both regulation of content and public financing. [359] In 1961, about 300,000 people, less than two percent of Canada's population, were members of visible minority groups. Canada is bordered by non-contiguous US state of Alaska in the northwest and by 12 other US states in the south. One of North Americas largest urban green spaces, Stanley Park is revered for its dramatic forest-and-mountain oceanfront views. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990. [429] Since the 1980s, Canada's ethnic and cultural diversity has been openly reflected in its literature. WebCanada. [52][53] A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War. One of North Americas largest urban green spaces, Stanley Park is revered for its dramatic forest-and-mountain oceanfront views. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French and official-language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories. [211] Various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and many Indigenous peoples. A booster dose can help strengthen our protection against severe forms of COVID-19 Report a problem or mistake on this page. [337] The largest university is the University of Toronto with over 85,000 students. Internet TLD. The territories being creatures of the federal government, changes to their role and division of powers may be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada. [278] It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms. [32][33], Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. [470] Other sports such as volleyball, skiing, cycling, swimming, badminton, tennis, bowling and the study of martial arts are all widely enjoyed at the youth and amateur levels. [68] The Anglo-Russian Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825) established the border along the Pacific coast, but, even after the US Alaska Purchase of 1867, disputes continued about the exact demarcation of the AlaskaYukon and AlaskaBC border. [459] The Canadian music industry is the sixth-largest in the world, producing internationally renowned composers, musicians and ensembles. WebImmigrate to work and live in Canada . It is the worlds second-largest country by total area, although as a whole the country is sparsely populated. [50] The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade. [85], The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. [305][306], Canada's population density, at 4.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (11/sqmi), is among the lowest in the world. It is the worlds second-largest country by total area, although as a whole the country is sparsely populated. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of Canada, the name is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".
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